Konstruktionsteknik

This indispensable reference work provides architects and engineers with the information they need to design reinforced concrete structures. The authors provide detailed tables and charts covering a range of topics including allowable stresses, slabs, beams, and columns.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Interaction of Disturbances in Shear Flows aims to provide a comprehensive, in-depth overview of the current state of knowledge on the subject. Authored by a recognized expert with decades of experience and many software patents to his credit, the volume covers advances in computational fluid dynamics to showcase innovative ways to apply physical measurements and visualization patterns to solve various aero- and hydrodynamic problems. It also delves into analytical methodologies to compare and contrast with the theoretical models most commonly used in the field. Additionally, it demonstrates the significance of comprehending and managing disturbances in shear flows, discussing practical applications of the research to optimize the design of aircraft, automotive vehicles, and marine vessels, with a strong emphasis on enhancing aero- and hydrodynamic efficiency, fuel economy, and the reduction of harmful emissions. Academia and industry readers alike will find this a useful resource to equip themselves with the tools needed to understand and address practical engineering challenges encountered in their studies or work.

The main aim of this book is to analyze the mathematical fundamentals and the main features of the Generalized Differential Quadrature (GDQ) and Generalized Integral Quadrature (GIQ) techniques. Furthermore, another interesting aim of the present book is to shown that from the two numerical techniques mentioned above it is possible to derive two different approaches such as the Strong and Weak Finite Element Methods (SFEM and WFEM), that will be used to solve various structural problems and arbitrarily shaped structures. A general approach to the Differential Quadrature is proposed. The weighting coefficients for different basis functions and grid distributions are determined. Furthermore, the expressions of the principal approximating polynomials and grid distributions, available in the literature, are shown. Besides the classic orthogonal polynomials, a new class of basis functions, which depend on the radial distance between the discretization points, is presented. They are known as Radial Basis Functions (or RBFs). The general expressions for the derivative evaluation can be utilized in the local form to reduce the computational cost. From this concept the Local Generalized Differential Quadrature (LGDQ) method is derived. The Generalized Integral Quadrature (GIQ) technique can be used employing several basis functions, without any restriction on the point distributions for the given definition domain. To better underline these concepts some classical numerical integration schemes are reported, such as the trapezoidal rule or the Simpson method. An alternative approach based on Taylor series is also illustrated to approximate integrals. This technique is named as Generalized Taylor-based Integral Quadrature (GTIQ) method. The major structural theories for the analysis of the mechanical behavior of various structures are presented in depth in the book. In particular, the strong and weak formulations of the corresponding governing equations are discussed and illustrated. Generally speaking, two formulations of the same system of governing equations can be developed, which are respectively the strong and weak (or variational) formulations. Once the governing equations that rule a generic structural problem are obtained, together with the corresponding boundary conditions, a differential system is written. In particular, the Strong Formulation (SF) of the governing equations is obtained. The differentiability requirement, instead, is reduced through a weighted integral statement if the corresponding Weak Formulation (WF) of the governing equations is developed. Thus, an equivalent integral formulation is derived, starting directly from the previous one. In particular, the formulation in hand is obtained by introducing a Lagrangian approximation of the degrees of freedom of the problem. The need of studying arbitrarily shaped domains or characterized by mechanical and geometrical discontinuities leads to the development of new numerical approaches that divide the structure in finite elements. Then, the strong form or the weak form of the fundamental equations are solved inside each element. The fundamental aspects of this technique, which the author defined respectively Strong Formulation Finite Element Method (SFEM) and Weak Formulation Finite Element Method (WFEM), are presented in the book.

The objective of this book is to help readers better understand the links between fossil fuel, greenhouse gas, and climate change in a clear, explanatory format. It avoids sensationalism and politics, using plain language to explain the details of the science, how the science works, and how we know what we know. It describes the history of fossil fuels, why fossil fuel combustion products are a problem, and what must be done to address the impacts on climate. It provides details about a number of energy engineering solutions to replace fossil fuels and technology called geoengineering that can cool the planet and directly remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Some of these technologies can be implemented almost immediately, and others may be applied in the future. Many young people are pessimistic about the future and prepared to give up on addressing climate change. The book strives to maintain hope throughout that humanity can solve this and other environmental problems. The climate crisis was caused by human engineering, and human engineering can fix it. The goal is to produce informed readers that can have responsible discussions with their political leaders about implementing solutions to climate change.

The book is intended for practicing engineers in the oil industry, researchers, and graduate students interested in designing and simulating offshore hydrocarbon production systems. It approaches offshore oil production systems from an integrated perspective that combines the modeling of thermophysical properties of reservoir fluids and their flow as a multiphase mixture in wellbores, flow lines, and risers.The first part of the book presents an internally consistent method to compute the critical parameters and acentric factor of Single Carbon Number (SCN) fractions of petroleum mixtures using state-of-the-art multivariate fitting techniques. The procedure is illustrated and validated using flash and differential liberation data from actual field samples. In the second part of the book, mechanistic multiphase flow models are discussed in light of their ability to predict the pressure, temperature, and phase holdup of production fluids in wellbores, flow lines, and risers. Multivariate fitting procedures are again applied to evaluate the sensitivity of the results with respect to closure relationship parameters, such as slug body gas holdup, wall shear stress, and wall roughness in pipelines and production tubing. Finally, the modeling framework is validated using actual field data from offshore production wells.

This book comprises select proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Civil Engineering (RACE 2022). The contents of this book focus on the recent advancements and innovations in the field of civil engineering and various related areas such as design and development of new sustainable and smart building materials, performance analysis and simulation of steel structures, design and performance optimization of concrete structures, structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, water resources engineering and hydraulics, transportation and bridge engineering, building services design, surveying and remote sensing, engineering management and renewable energy. This book serves as a useful reference to researchers and professionals in the field of civil engineering.

Here we present a nearly complete treatment of the Grand Universe of linear and weakly nonlinear regression models within the first 8 chapters. Our point of view is both an algebraic view as well as a stochastic one. For example, there is an equivalent lemma between a best, linear uniformly unbiased estimation (BLUUE) in a Gauss-Markov model and a least squares solution (LESS) in a system of linear equations. While BLUUE is a stochastic regression model, LESS is an algebraic solution. In the first six chapters we concentrate on underdetermined and overdeterimined linear systems as well as systems with a datum defect. We review estimators/algebraic solutions of type MINOLESS, BLIMBE, BLUMBE, BLUUE, BIQUE, BLE, BIQUE and Total Least Squares. The highlight is the simultaneous determination of the first moment and the second central moment of a probability distribution in an inhomogeneous multilinear estimation by the so called E-D correspondence as well as its Bayes design. In addition, we discuss continuous networks versus discrete networks, use of Grassmann-Pluecker coordinates, criterion matrices of type Taylor-Karman as well as FUZZY sets. Chapter seven is a speciality in the treatment of an overdetermined system of nonlinear equations on curved manifolds. The von Mises-Fisher distribution is characteristic for circular or (hyper) spherical data. Our last chapter eight is devoted to probabilistic regression, the special Gauss-Markov model with random effects leading to estimators of type BLIP and VIP including Bayesian estimation. The fifth problem of algebraic regression, the system of conditional equations of homogeneous and inhomogeneous type, is formulated. An analogue is the inhomogeneous general linear Gauss-Markov model with fixed and random effects, also called mixed model. Collocation is an example. Another speciality is our sixth problem of probabilistic regression, the model "e;errors-in-variable"e;, also called Total Least Squares, namely SIMEX and SYMEX developed by Carroll-Cook-Stefanski-Polzehl-Zwanzig. Another speciality is the treatment of the three-dimensional datum transformation and its relation to the Procrustes Algorithm. The sixth problem of generalized algebraic regression is the system of conditional equations with unknowns, also called Gauss-Helmert model. A new method of an algebraic solution technique, the concept of Groebner Basis and Multipolynomial Resultant is finally presented, illustrating polynomial nonlinear equations. A great part of the work is presented in four Appendices. Appendix A is a treatment, of tensor algebra, namely linear algebra, matrix algebra and multilinear algebra. Appendix B is devoted to sampling distributions and their use in terms of confidence intervals and confidence regions. Appendix C reviews the elementary notions of statistics, namely random events and stochastic processes. Appendix D introduces the basics of Groebner basis algebra, its careful definition, the Buchberger Algorithm, especially the C. F. Gauss combinatorial algorithm Throughout we give numerous examples and present various test computations. Our reference list includes more than 3000 references, books and papers. This book is a source of knowledge and inspiration not only for geodesists and mathematicians, but also for engineers in general, as well as natural scientists and economists. Inference on effects which result in observations via linear and nonlinear functions is a general task in science. The authors provide a comprehensive in-depth treatise on the analysis and solution of such problems. I wish all readers of this brilliant encyclopaedic book this pleasure and much benefit. Prof. Dr. Harro WalkInstitute of Stochastics and Applications, Universitat Stuttgart, Germany.

The 4th International Conference on Performance-based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (PBD-IV) is held in Beijing, China. The PBD-IV Conference is organized under the auspices of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering - Technical Committee TC203 on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering and Associated Problems (ISSMGE-TC203). The PBD-I, PBD-II, and PBD-III events in Japan (2009), Italy (2012), and Canada (2017) respectively, were highly successful events for the international earthquake geotechnical engineering community. The PBD events have been excellent companions to the International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (ICEGE) series that TC203 has held in Japan (1995), Portugal (1999), USA (2004), Greece (2007), Chile (2011), New Zealand (2015), and Italy (2019). The goal of PBD-IV is to provide an open forum for delegates to interact with their international colleagues and advance performance-based design research and practices for earthquake geotechnical engineering.

This book presents the select proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Water Technologies 2022. While several efforts are underway, materials form the core of all research activities to develop technologies to mitigate the global challenge of water crisis. This book includes latest scientific dialogues, state-of-the-art developments in terms of emerging materials, technology development aimed toward mitigating various bottlenecks in water treatment, purification, desalination, and sensing with emerging materials. It also discusses diverse materials driven approaches, including theoretical and experimental studies, to address various aspects of this global issue. The book discusses various topics related to nanomaterials for water purification, bio-physical remediation, photocatalysis, membranes, physico-chemical processes, oil-water separation, sensors, and microplastics, etc. The book can be a valuable reference for beginners, researchers, and professionals interested in water technologies and allied fields.

Empirical Design in Structural Engineering explores the history, applicability and uses of empirical design. This book aims to show that empirical design is practised much more widely than is generally understood, that it can make a particularly valuable contribution to your structural engineering design, and that it can be found embedded within the procedures of rational engineering design. Through examples of practices from North America, Europe and Asia, the author investigates the capabilities of the key materials for structural engineering - steel, concrete, wood and masonry - and how they connect to engineering, especially the engineering of building structures.This book also considers the value of prior experience in determining the configuration and size of designed structures including bridges, buildings and other structures. With case studies that focus on historic structures, forensic engineering and reinforced concrete, this book explores:philosophical empiricism and rationalismengineering empiricism and rationalismempirical builders and their productscontemporary building codesethical issues in the application of empirical designcontemporary uses of empirical design.This book will be of interest to any student or practising engineer interested in the role that empirical design can play in their project. It will have additional appeal to those interested in or engaged with architecture, construction management and buildings management.

The edited book deals with climate change and its response to river system which is one of the most burning issues of the Global environment. Due to urbanization and industrialization land degradation and resource depletion are happening and promoting livelihood challenges in the world which is reflected in the book too. The book addresses the construction of dams over large rivers and its possible consequences in the environment. Changes of the hydrology and sedimentology are to be addressed in the book. The climate change phenomena and associated geomorphic hazards and contemporary environmental issues such as sea level rise, coastal flood, drought, wind erosion, flood, soil erosion, landslide, depletion of ground water, coastal erosion etc. are elaborated in the book with suitable methods and techniques. So this edited book will contribute a lot to general to particular filed of studies and will help to geographers, geomorphologists, environmentalists, planners, policy makers and developers for studies and promoting regional plans and development.