Folkeret

This book provides a critical introduction to the complex relationship between law and peace.

The starting point of this book is the generally shared observation that in violence-torn areas of limited statehood, the civilian population is often subject to deliberate attacks. This violence often escalates to core crimes such as war crimes, crimes against humanity and even genocide. The International Criminal Court (ICC) could potentially deter such crimes. In order to do so, it largely depends on the cooperation of the states on the territory of which alleged core criminals operate. Since such states are often unwilling or unable to cooperate, the book explores whether the ICC could instead seek assistance from international forces such as UN peace support operations, UN-mandated missions, and belligerent occupants.The book covers, on the one hand, the law and practice of the UN Security Council with regard to mandating international forces to arrest and transfer alleged offenders to the ICC or to other international courts. On the other, it addresses to what extent international forces may or must hand alleged offenders over to the ICC, regardless of such mandates. More precisely, the book examines whether the duties to prosecute genocide, torture, enforced disappearance, grave breaches and other war crimes apply extraterritorially and ¿ if so ¿ whether international forces can discharge these duties by transferring suspects to the ICC.At the same time, the book addresses the limitations to such extraterritorial action: firstly, to what extent the prohibition of the use of force and the principle of territorial sovereignty restrict extraterritorial deprivations of liberty and transfer to the ICC. Secondly, it explores the restrictions and permissions that the law of occupation and other norms of international humanitarian law impose on such apprehensions and transfers. Finally, it discusses how international forces can uphold the right to liberty and security as well as the principle of non-refoulement when they extraterritorially apprehend ICC suspects. This also reflects the book¿s relevance with regard to the more general debate on the extraterritorial application of human rights.

This book focuses on OLAF, the European Union¿s anti-fraud office, and examines the role of and challenges concerning fundamental rights in OLAF¿s composite enforcement procedure. The mission of OLAF (Office Européen de Lutte Antifraude) is to fight fraud, corruption and any other illegal activities that affect the financial interests of the European Union. To this end, OLAF carries out administrative investigations, in which it gathers evidence itself, and coordination cases, in which it coordinates the Member States¿ investigations. OLAF¿s investigation and coordination efforts are conceived of as mere derivatives of other more traditional forms of law enforcement cooperation in which authorities enter into obligations to cooperate with one another, but in which each acts to fulfill these obligations within its own separately identifiable legal order and on the basis of its own law. This system, in its most conventional form, is founded on the notion of territorial sovereignty.If we extend the logic of this approach from enforcement (the ¿sword¿) to fundamental rights (the ¿shield¿), issues in relation to the latter ¿ and the accompanying responsibility to prevent and/or remedy them ¿ can arise only in individual (sovereign) legal orders. The way in which we view OLAF, as an evolved cognate of traditional forms of law enforcement cooperation, therefore directly dictates which fundamental rights issues enter into the equation, and in which manner.This book proposes an innovative way of looking at OLAF, which we refer to as ¿composite enforcement procedures.¿ In this type of procedure, responsibilities for the entirety of enforcement are attributed to inextricably interlinked European Union and Member State legal orders. If we observe OLAF through this new lens, fundamental rights issues that would otherwise go unnoticed come to the forefront. These are issues that arise not in individual legal orders, but rather between or among theEuropean Union and the Member States. This book addresses these fundamental rights challenges and makes concrete recommendations on how they can be addressed and resolved.

This book evaluates how the legal, institutional and policy frameworks for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the United States, South Africa and Kenya have addressed the current needs and challenges involved in these systems¿ operation and integration into regulatory frameworks for civil aviation. It shows how the three states have developed their own constitutional frameworks, legislation, regulations, policies and strategic plans to address the challenges that emanate from integrating UAS into the civil aviation airspace.The book details the three countries¿ integration experiences, investigating the extent to which existing international regulatory frameworks address the various concerns, and identifies the common thread that runs through UAS regulation, as well as each country¿s unique issues and path to integration. Recognizing that the approach for integration of UAS into civil aviation needs to be gradual and pragmatic, the book recommends scaling up institutional capacity, coordination and funding, and intensifying regional efforts to redefine and support UAS integration.

This book showcases Nigerian and South African experiences on space politics, policy and strategy vis-à-vis their development and security aspirations, while contributing to the broader African and the Global-South perspectives on the subject. Space policy in developing countries such as Nigeria and South Africa is motivated by utilitarian promises that space and the attendant technologies have the potential to advance development and security interests of the affected nations. However, several decades into the orbital journey of these countries, little is known of their space politics, policies, strategies, capacities and capabilities, and realisation of desired objectives. Beyond pure and applied sciences reductionism, this book offers social science perspectives on space studies in Africa, as it examines the intricate relationships of historical, geographical, social, demographic, economic, political, administrative, and strategic factors, nationally, regionally and globally thathave shaped research and development of space science and technologies, and their benefits, in Nigeria and South Africa.

This book provides researchers and policy-makers with legal avenues to enable a just transition to decarbonisation. The focus is on the United Nations themes of loss and damage, transport, nature and youth - across Australia and other economies - to significantly reduce CO2 emissions by 2030 and beyond. The four themes scaffold discussions about a just transition beyond the UN Climate Change Conference COP28 in Dubai with the specific issues addressed in this book serving as a starting point for future discussions.

This book assesses the EU legal framework applicable to dairy products obtained through precision fermentation. It maps the authorisation and labelling requirements for these products to be placed on the EU market. It compares these provisions to those governing the food markets in the USA and Singapore, which are considered to be more innovation-friendly. At the time of writing, the precision-fermented dairy sector is still in the developmental phase, with only a few precision-fermented dairy alternatives available on the market, none of which are present in the EU. Regulatory uncertainty has been cited as significant obstacle for food business operators seeking to introduce alternative protein products in the EU. The book confirms these reports, as the current EU regulatory framework presents several legal uncertainties that are challenging for food business operators to overcome. Broadly speaking, there are two authorisation frameworks applicable to dairy products obtained through precision fermentation in the EU. The choice between these frameworks depends on the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or residues thereof in the final product. If such GMOs or residues are present, the pre-market authorisation procedure is governed by the Genetically Modified Food and Feed Regulation (GMFR). If the final product does not contain any GMOs or residues, it falls under the scope of the Novel Food Regulation (NFR), and the pre-market authorisation procedure is governed accordingly. Both of these authorisation pathways entail high regulatory requirements, which can pose challenges for the development of the precision fermentation sector. Despite the difficulty in accurately classifying products, it is crucial for food business operators to comprehend the applicable legal framework early in the product development process, given that the authorisation paths differ in their standards. In addition to pre-market authorisation requirements, companies must address labelling issues. Food labelling shall provide a basis for consumers to make informed choices in relation to the foods they consume. The primary objective of EU food labelling law is to prevent consumer deception , making it crucial for dairy products and their animal-free alternatives, to adhere to a stringent naming law as stipulated in the Common Market Organisation and specific accompanying legislation. Moreover, it is imperative to consider regulations regarding the use of health and nutrition claims, as well as labels such as ¿vegan¿ or ¿organic¿, etc. Furthermore, the labelling of novel foods and genetically modified foods may necessitate mandatory information specified in the authorisation process. The book serves as a comprehensive guideline for food business operators involved in the production of precision-fermented dairy alternatives, aiding them in navigating the intricate European regulatory landscape.

Die Globalisierung und die damit einhergehende Vernetzung der Märkte führt zu einem steigenden Wettbewerbsdruck für Unternehmen. Mit diesem Globalisierungseffekt geht ein Anstieg des juristischen Regelungsbedarfs einher, so dass die Unternehmen vor der Herausforderung stehen, die rechtlichen Blickwinkel sowohl in ihren strategischen als auch in ihren operativen Entscheidungen mit einzubeziehen. Gerade kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen haben strukturell bedingt meist keine eigene Rechtsabteilung oder juristisches Fachpersonal, auf die sie bei der Bearbeitung solcher Themen zurückgreifen können. Somit stehen Sie vor der Wahl, sich stetig rechtlich beraten zu lassen oder tragen das Risiko von Fehlern und möglichen Bußgeldern, was zu einer Verschlechterung der Wirtschaftlichkeit führen kann. Die Unternehmen übertragen damit den steigenden wirtschaftlichen Druck auch auf den juristischen Sektor, der seine Dienstleistungen immer schneller und kostengünstiger anbieten muss. Gerade der juristische Bereich ist durch die Ressource Mensch geprägt, deren Kapazitäten endlich sind. Dr. Cathleen Hesselbarth zeigt, dass Legal-Tech-Anwendungen eine sinnvolle Ergänzung darstellen können, um den Zwiespalt zwischen begrenzten Ressourcen und immer schneller benötigten Informationen zu verringern und schafft gleichzeitig eine fachübergreifende Verbindung zwischen Wirtschaft und Recht.

Including An Examination Into The Nature Of Value, And The Agency Of The Natural Forces In Producing It.

This book takes a unique interdisciplinary approach to the planned return of humans to the Moon. With the Artemis Project, the US and its partners have planned an ambitious project with the creation of the Lunar Gateway, to be followed by the landing of the first woman and next man on the Moon. This book explains that the Artemis project then forms the basis of planned sustained human missions to Mars. Russia and China have also announced their intentions to establish a permanent base on the Moon and have commenced the deployment of modules which will form part of this project. This book states that whilst there has been a permanent human presence in Low Earth Orbit since 2000, with the continued crew rotation on the International Space Station, perhaps the most successful international collaboration of modern times, the establishment of a base on the Moon will generate new challenges for human survival and success.The continued human presence on the space station has provided an incredible opportunity to observe and study the effect of being in space upon the human body and the human psyche. In addition, this book explores that it has provided the scope and context for a vast range of scientific experiments. Now that it has become likely that more humans will need to live and work in space for sustained periods of time, it is essential that we consider matters beyond the engineering questions of how we go to space to the broader questions of how we will live there? What will we need? What will the effects of sustained living in space be for us, emotionally, cognitively, physically and how do we need to consider the impact we will have on the environment to which we are travelling. This book is unique in that, not only does it bring together a diverse yet complementary set of expertise, but it also consciously brings those different experts together in jointly authored chapters, mirroring the way we will have to work together as teams of diverse experts in space. It creates interwoven chapters co-written by various teams of psychologists, lawyers, engineers, regulators, policy experts, architects and cultural studies experts. This book will enable the fielding and addressing of the difficult questions that need to be considered before space habitation may be a successful and sustained mode of existence.This book fills a gap in the area of space studies which tends to focus on narrow, discipline specific issues. It provides a thought-provoking launchpad for further work in this area and above all, stresses the needs of the human in a hostile environment.

This book is a volume in the Penn Press Anniversary Collection. To mark its 125th anniversary in 2015, the University of Pennsylvania Press rereleased more than 1,100 titles from Penn Press's distinguished backlist from 1899-1999 that had fallen out of print. Spanning an entire century, the Anniversary Collection offers peer-reviewed scholarship in a wide range of subject areas.

Looking at refugee protection in Latin America, this landmark edited collection assesses what the region has achieved in recent years. It analyses Latin America's main documents in refugee protection, evaluates the particular aspects of different regimes, and reviews their emergence, development and effect, to develop understanding of refugee protection in the region. Drawing from multidisciplinary texts from both leading academics and practitioners, this comprehensive, innovative and highly topical book adopts an analytical framework to understand and improve Latin America's protection of refugees.

This book represents an interdisciplinary academic endeavour intended to provide readers with a comprehensive, balanced, and nuanced examination of critical issues at the intersection of cyberspace, cyberterrorism, and national and international security. It draws insights from a range of diverse fields, including Computer Science, Social Science, Political Science, International Relations, Criminology, and Law. Furthermore, the book investigates the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and related technologies, exploring their dual role in this dynamic landscape of contemporary cyberthreats, with both constructive and malicious implications.The book comprises four distinct themes, with each theme represented by a dedicated Part. Within this organisational framework, each overarching theme is systematically explored through a series of chapters, providing readers with a clear and thematic roadmap for their journey through the content.Part I, Understanding Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Strategies, of the book explores complexities surrounding contemporary global security challenges. It serves as the foundational segment of the book, consisting of three chapters that critically analyse various dimensions of terrorism and the strategies implemented to combat it.Part II, Cyberterrorism Landscape, of the book offers an in-depth assessment of the current cyberterrorism landscape. This section comprises two critical chapters, each contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the contemporary threats posed by cyberterrorism and their implications for national security.Part III, Countering Cyberterrorism with Technology, of the book forms the core of the book's exploration into leveraging technology to mitigate the threats of cyberterrorism. This section includes four critical chapters, collectively providing an in-depth understanding of the intersection between technology and counterterrorism strategies.Part IV, Artificial Intelligence and National and International Security, of the book delves into the complex relationship between AI technology and the broader security landscape. Comprising three pivotal chapters, this section provides a detailed understanding of AI's transformative role in shaping the future of national and international security.

This book thoroughly reviews Chinäs participation in the WTO dispute settlement system with a focus on the interaction between Chinäs distinctive institutional characters and international legal regime and an aim of not only revealing the Chinese phenomenon but also identifying the Chinese mode and the rationale that lies behind Chinäs mode change. It further analyzes two fundamental issues China is confronted with. One is the distinctive member status issue of China due to the concurrence of its multiple member status as member state, accessing member state and developing member state. The other is the issue of invoking and applying the special rules of The Protocol on the Accession of China in the WTO dispute settlement. In-depth examination of assorted cases that involve China and representative individual cases thereof, is also provided. Upon the insight into Chinese phenomenon and Chinese issues in the WTO dispute settlement, the book tries to respond to the imminentneed of reforming the WTO dispute settlement regime by providing directions that accord with the regular pattern of evolution of international economic law system and pragmatic suggestions that stem from Chinäs strategic position.This book serves for academics, policymakers, and business practitioners by providing useful insights into the legal, regulatory, and economic issues raised by distinctive character of China in WTO dispute settlement.

"Through interviews with senior US officials, this book explores when, why, and how the US and other countries comply with international law. Aimed at scholars and practitioners of international law, international relations, foreign policy and bureaucratic politics, it will also appeal to general readers interested in international affairs"--

"With a diverse range of expert contributors, this collection traces how customary international law is practised in international investment law and arbitration. It considers how custom should be interpreted and how its rules and principles should be understood and applied by investor-state arbitral tribunals. Available as Open Access"--

Effective Legal Remedy (ELR) is a legal concept of universal value. Its primary purpose is the protection of individual rights and freedoms against violation. It serves to safeguards the effectiveness of the enacted and applied law. The book presents and discusses current standard of Effective Legal Remedy concept in European Law as it is or may be referred to criminal justice system. The research is based on a thorough analysis of jurisprudence of European Court of Human Rights and Court of Justice European Union. Is also supplemented by an analysis of the ELR's implementation of the European Parliament's directives on individual rights in criminal matters. Offers a perspective on the use of the ELR to integrate the criminal justice system in Europe.

Zum WerkDer 2013 beschlossene Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) ist eines von sehr wenigen erfolgreich zu Ende geführten Regulierungsvorhaben im Bereich der internationalen Friedenssicherung und zugleich ein kontrovers aufgenommenes Abkommen. Als erster globaler rechtsverbindlicher Vertrag zur Kontrolle des internationalen Handels mit konventionellen Waffen vereint der ATT traditionelle Elemente mit moderneren Errungenschaften des Völkerrechts und bildet dadurch eine Projektionsfläche für verschiedenste, auch rechtstheoretische, Interpretationsansätze.Die vorliegende, auf Englisch verfasste Arbeit geht über Vertragsauslegung oder Inhaltskritik hinaus. Die Autorin entwickelt ein völkerrechtstheoretisches Analyseschema, das eine tiefgehende Bedeutungsanalyse des ATT sowie seine Einordnung in die Evolution des internationalen Waffenhandelskontrollrechts und allgemeine Entwicklungen im Völkerrecht ermöglicht. Es entsteht ein vielschichtiges Bild über Möglichkeiten und Grenzen rechtlicher Steuerungsansätze im modernen Völkerrecht, das auch auf andere völkerrechtliche Abkommen anwendbar ist. Mit der Verknüpfung von Völkerrechtstheorie und Vertragsanalyse zeigt die Arbeit so einen neuen Weg, theoretische Erklärungsansätze für die Völkerrechtspraxis nutzbar zu machen."Hier hat man regelrecht Spaß an jeder Seite und freut sich auf die nächste." (aus dem Zweitgutachten)ZielgruppeFür Rechtswissenschaftlerinnen und Rechtswissenschaftler sowie Praktikerinnen und Praktiker im Bereich Völkerrecht, internationale Beziehungen und Rüstungskontrolle.

Das Buch analysiert die Möglichkeit der Normierung eigener Rechte der Natur in der deutschen Rechtsordnung. Als Inspiration hierzu wird der Vergleich zur Eigenrechtsgesetzgebung in Neuseeland gezogen. Neuseeland normierte als eines der ersten Länder der Welt eigene Rechte der Natur, indem das Land den Te Urewera Wald und den Whanganui Fluss als Rechtssubjekte gesetzlich anerkannte. Die Gesetzgebung wurde weltweit als umweltrechtliche Pionierleistung gefeiert. In Zeiten der Klima- und Biodiversitätskrise liegt daher der Gedanke nahe, auch im deutschen Rechtssystem über die rechtliche Aufwertung der Natur nachzudenken. Die Arbeit befasst sich daher mit der Frage, ob Rechte der Natur nach neuseeländischem Vorbild in Deutschland sowohl rechtlich zulässig als auch geboten und erforderlich sind.

The book explores the international legal regulation of space debris and the challenges in front of comprehensive international cooperation and international space law development. It proposes the establishment of International Space Agency.

This book is the final study report of the key project of the National Social Science Foundation of China, ¿China and the Reconstruction and Innovation of International Rules in the New Era of Global Value Chain¿. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the complex situation of international rule reconstruction and innovation in the new era of the global value chain, this book makes an in-depth and systematic analysis on six types of international rules, namely official export credit rules, international competition rules, cross-border e-commerce and digital trade rules, ISDS, multilateral agreement on investment and international regulatory cooperation. It also introduces the theories and practices of China's engagement in the new round of reconstruction and innovation of international rules.

"Volume I introduces The Cambridge History of International Law series, offering a critical discussion of the development and current state of international law history writing across the world. Steering away from traditional Western historiography, this volume will interest scholars of international law across various disciplines"--