Folkeret

This book represents an interdisciplinary academic endeavour intended to provide readers with a comprehensive, balanced, and nuanced examination of critical issues at the intersection of cyberspace, cyberterrorism, and national and international security. It draws insights from a range of diverse fields, including Computer Science, Social Science, Political Science, International Relations, Criminology, and Law. Furthermore, the book investigates the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and related technologies, exploring their dual role in this dynamic landscape of contemporary cyberthreats, with both constructive and malicious implications.The book comprises four distinct themes, with each theme represented by a dedicated Part. Within this organisational framework, each overarching theme is systematically explored through a series of chapters, providing readers with a clear and thematic roadmap for their journey through the content.Part I, Understanding Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Strategies, of the book explores complexities surrounding contemporary global security challenges. It serves as the foundational segment of the book, consisting of three chapters that critically analyse various dimensions of terrorism and the strategies implemented to combat it.Part II, Cyberterrorism Landscape, of the book offers an in-depth assessment of the current cyberterrorism landscape. This section comprises two critical chapters, each contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the contemporary threats posed by cyberterrorism and their implications for national security.Part III, Countering Cyberterrorism with Technology, of the book forms the core of the book's exploration into leveraging technology to mitigate the threats of cyberterrorism. This section includes four critical chapters, collectively providing an in-depth understanding of the intersection between technology and counterterrorism strategies.Part IV, Artificial Intelligence and National and International Security, of the book delves into the complex relationship between AI technology and the broader security landscape. Comprising three pivotal chapters, this section provides a detailed understanding of AI's transformative role in shaping the future of national and international security.

This book thoroughly reviews Chinäs participation in the WTO dispute settlement system with a focus on the interaction between Chinäs distinctive institutional characters and international legal regime and an aim of not only revealing the Chinese phenomenon but also identifying the Chinese mode and the rationale that lies behind Chinäs mode change. It further analyzes two fundamental issues China is confronted with. One is the distinctive member status issue of China due to the concurrence of its multiple member status as member state, accessing member state and developing member state. The other is the issue of invoking and applying the special rules of The Protocol on the Accession of China in the WTO dispute settlement. In-depth examination of assorted cases that involve China and representative individual cases thereof, is also provided. Upon the insight into Chinese phenomenon and Chinese issues in the WTO dispute settlement, the book tries to respond to the imminentneed of reforming the WTO dispute settlement regime by providing directions that accord with the regular pattern of evolution of international economic law system and pragmatic suggestions that stem from Chinäs strategic position.This book serves for academics, policymakers, and business practitioners by providing useful insights into the legal, regulatory, and economic issues raised by distinctive character of China in WTO dispute settlement.

"Through interviews with senior US officials, this book explores when, why, and how the US and other countries comply with international law. Aimed at scholars and practitioners of international law, international relations, foreign policy and bureaucratic politics, it will also appeal to general readers interested in international affairs"--

"With a diverse range of expert contributors, this collection traces how customary international law is practised in international investment law and arbitration. It considers how custom should be interpreted and how its rules and principles should be understood and applied by investor-state arbitral tribunals. Available as Open Access"--

"This book is Todd Stern's eyewitness account of the full, charged, seven-year story of how the Paris Agreement came to be, following an arc from Copenhagen, to Durban, to the secret U.S.-China climate deal in 2014, to Paris itself. It illuminates the strategy and tactics, policy, politics and diplomacy that made Paris possible, and it also depicts the pitfalls and challenges overcome, the struggle between different groups of countries, the sometimes shifting alliances, the last-minmute maneuvering and the ultimate historic success"--

Effective Legal Remedy (ELR) is a legal concept of universal value. Its primary purpose is the protection of individual rights and freedoms against violation. It serves to safeguards the effectiveness of the enacted and applied law. The book presents and discusses current standard of Effective Legal Remedy concept in European Law as it is or may be referred to criminal justice system. The research is based on a thorough analysis of jurisprudence of European Court of Human Rights and Court of Justice European Union. Is also supplemented by an analysis of the ELR's implementation of the European Parliament's directives on individual rights in criminal matters. Offers a perspective on the use of the ELR to integrate the criminal justice system in Europe.

Zum WerkDer 2013 beschlossene Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) ist eines von sehr wenigen erfolgreich zu Ende geführten Regulierungsvorhaben im Bereich der internationalen Friedenssicherung und zugleich ein kontrovers aufgenommenes Abkommen. Als erster globaler rechtsverbindlicher Vertrag zur Kontrolle des internationalen Handels mit konventionellen Waffen vereint der ATT traditionelle Elemente mit moderneren Errungenschaften des Völkerrechts und bildet dadurch eine Projektionsfläche für verschiedenste, auch rechtstheoretische, Interpretationsansätze.Die vorliegende, auf Englisch verfasste Arbeit geht über Vertragsauslegung oder Inhaltskritik hinaus. Die Autorin entwickelt ein völkerrechtstheoretisches Analyseschema, das eine tiefgehende Bedeutungsanalyse des ATT sowie seine Einordnung in die Evolution des internationalen Waffenhandelskontrollrechts und allgemeine Entwicklungen im Völkerrecht ermöglicht. Es entsteht ein vielschichtiges Bild über Möglichkeiten und Grenzen rechtlicher Steuerungsansätze im modernen Völkerrecht, das auch auf andere völkerrechtliche Abkommen anwendbar ist. Mit der Verknüpfung von Völkerrechtstheorie und Vertragsanalyse zeigt die Arbeit so einen neuen Weg, theoretische Erklärungsansätze für die Völkerrechtspraxis nutzbar zu machen."Hier hat man regelrecht Spaß an jeder Seite und freut sich auf die nächste." (aus dem Zweitgutachten)ZielgruppeFür Rechtswissenschaftlerinnen und Rechtswissenschaftler sowie Praktikerinnen und Praktiker im Bereich Völkerrecht, internationale Beziehungen und Rüstungskontrolle.

Das Buch analysiert die Möglichkeit der Normierung eigener Rechte der Natur in der deutschen Rechtsordnung. Als Inspiration hierzu wird der Vergleich zur Eigenrechtsgesetzgebung in Neuseeland gezogen. Neuseeland normierte als eines der ersten Länder der Welt eigene Rechte der Natur, indem das Land den Te Urewera Wald und den Whanganui Fluss als Rechtssubjekte gesetzlich anerkannte. Die Gesetzgebung wurde weltweit als umweltrechtliche Pionierleistung gefeiert. In Zeiten der Klima- und Biodiversitätskrise liegt daher der Gedanke nahe, auch im deutschen Rechtssystem über die rechtliche Aufwertung der Natur nachzudenken. Die Arbeit befasst sich daher mit der Frage, ob Rechte der Natur nach neuseeländischem Vorbild in Deutschland sowohl rechtlich zulässig als auch geboten und erforderlich sind.

The book explores the international legal regulation of space debris and the challenges in front of comprehensive international cooperation and international space law development. It proposes the establishment of International Space Agency.

"Volume I introduces The Cambridge History of International Law series, offering a critical discussion of the development and current state of international law history writing across the world. Steering away from traditional Western historiography, this volume will interest scholars of international law across various disciplines"--

This peer-reviewed book provides detailed insights into how space and its applications are, and can be used to support the development of the full range and diversity of African societies, as encapsulated in the African Union's Agenda 2063. Following on from Part 1 and 2, which were highly acclaimed by the space community, it focuses on the role of space in supporting the UN Sustainable Development Goals in Africa, but covers an even more extensive array of relevant and timely topics addressing all facets of African development. It demonstrates that, while there have been significant achievements in recent years in terms of economic and social development, which have lifted many of Africa's people out of poverty, there is still a great deal that needs to be done to fulfill the basic needs of Africa's citizens and afford them the dignity they deserve. To this end, space is already being employed in diverse fields of human endeavor to serve Africa's goals for its future, but there is much room for further incorporation of space systems and data. Providing a comprehensive overview of the role space is playing in helping Africa achieve its developmental aspirations, the book will appeal to both students and professionals in fields such as space studies, international relations, governance, and social and rural development.

Dieses Open-Access-Buch behandelt die globale Mindeststeuer für Großkonzerne, auf die sich im Herbst 2021 137 Staaten verständigt haben, die als Mitglieder im Inclusive Framework (IF) on BEPS von G20/OECD an der Reform des internationalen Steuerrechts arbeiten. Das Buch untersucht, ob die Bundesrepublik Deutschland als an der Einigung beteiligtes Mitglied des IF die neuen Regeln, wie sie aus der Einigung vom 8. Oktober 2021 und den Modellregeln vom 20. Dezember 2021 hervorgegangen sind, implementieren kann. Abgestellt wird hierbei auf eine zum Zeitpunkt der Einreichung dieser Arbeit noch diskutierte rein nationale Umsetzung ohne unionsrechtliche Harmonisierungsvorgaben. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die Regelungen auf ihre Vereinbarkeit mit den Vorgaben des Grundgesetzes, des EU-Rechts und der nach völkerrechtlichen Rechtssätzen verbindlichen Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen überprüft. Unter Berücksichtigung der bislang zu diesen Fragen erschienen Literaturstimmen setzt sich der Autor mit den konkreten Empfehlungen der Modellregeln auseinander und bringt seine eigenen Überlegungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der deutschen Perspektive ein.

This textbook presents a detailed insight into the structures and processes of preparing students for Model United Nations (MUN) conferences and for attending Model United Nations conferences, subsequently. It serves as a handbook and practical guide for the implementation of MUN into courses and classes in educational institutions.Written by a Faculty Advisor, and offering additional insights from an experienced award-winning MUN delegate, the book provides a particularly exceptional insightful, and well-rounded approach. The author explains how a MUN course can be taught, presents exercises to prepare students for the conference, and discusses how the MUN delegation and trip to the conference can be organized. This comprehensive guide offers insights into a broad range of topics, including debates with peers, diplomacy to solve international crises, and learning about the system of the United Nations (UN) organization through simulation. Further, it covers the development of soft skills and communication at the conferences and building international friendships, while it additionally allows learning more about the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the process.With tips, tricks, and bonus material this book will serve as an anchor throughout the students' first MUN experience, as well as provide valuable help for more advanced participants. The book, therefore, is a must-read for both academic staff teaching MUN, as well as students attending MUN courses and planning to attend MUN conferences.

This book provides an expanded conceptualization of legalization that focuses on implementation of obligation, precision, and delegation at the international and domestic levels of politics. By adding domestic politics and the actors to the international level of analysis, the authors add the insights of Kenneth Waltz, Graham Allison, and Louis Henkin to understand why most international law is developed and observed most of the time. However, the authors argue that law-breaking and law-distorting occurs as a part of negative legalization. Consequently, the book offers a framework for understanding how international law both produces and undermines order and justice. The authors also draw from realist, liberal, constructivist, cosmopolitan and critical theories to analyse how legalization can both build and/or undermine consensus, which results in either positive or negative legalization of international law. The authors argue that legalization is a process over time and not just a snapshot in time.

This book is the final study report of the key project of the National Social Science Foundation of China, ¿China and the Reconstruction and Innovation of International Rules in the New Era of Global Value Chain¿. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the complex situation of international rule reconstruction and innovation in the new era of the global value chain, this book makes an in-depth and systematic analysis on six types of international rules, namely official export credit rules, international competition rules, cross-border e-commerce and digital trade rules, ISDS, multilateral agreement on investment and international regulatory cooperation. It also introduces the theories and practices of China's engagement in the new round of reconstruction and innovation of international rules.

Global climate constitutionalism is seen as a possible legal answer to the social and political unwillingness of states to effectively tackle climate change as a global problem. The constitutionalisation of international climate law is supposed to ensure greater participation of non-state actors such as NGOs or individuals and a rollback of state sovereignty where states do not care about meeting their climate commitments. This book addresses the question of whether non-state actors such as NGOs or individuals create international climate law through so-called climate change litigation. Against the background of Peter Häberle's theory of the ¿open society of constitutional interpreters¿, four selected cases (Urgenda v Netherlands, Leghari v Pakistan, Juliana v United States of America, Future Generations v Colombia) are used to examine how actors not formally recognized as subjects of international law (re)interpret national and international law and thereby contribute to the constitutionalisation of the international climate law regime.

The book deals with illicit trafficking in the Mediterranean, seen as a borderline issue between mobility and security under a strongly interdisciplinary approach. The opening part is dedicated to issues that transversally concern illegal trafficking: criminological, criminal law, criminal procedure, but also international law issues. This part presents a kind of general theory of illegal trafficking, showing its recurring aspects and identifying the legal and criminal-political issues that would be best addressed by a unified approach to the matter. The other parts are devoted to presenting, instead, a special part overview of illegal trafficking. The second and the third section are devoted, in particular, to illegal traffics having human beings as their objects. More specifically, the second part examines smuggling of migrants, which has a central - criminological and criminal-political - relevance among the illegal traffics taking place in the Mediterranean. The third part dealswith the neighbouring theme of human trafficking, especially in its connection with the problem of labour exploitation. Finally, the fourth part focuses on some trafficking in goods, offering a selected and representative overview of some of the most significant forms that such trafficking can take: tobacco trafficking, drug trafficking and trafficking in cultural goods.

Das Jahr 2024 kann zu einem Jahr der Entscheidung werden. Die Bundesregierung plant den sog. Pandemievertrag der WHO zu unterschreiben und damit noch nie dagewesene Verpflichtungen einzugehen! Noch ist dieser Vertrag, der nach Willen der Ampelregierung völkerrechtlich bindend werden soll, allerdings lediglich ein Entwurf.Deshalb lohnt sich der Blick auf die inoffizielle, manuell durchgeführte Übersetzung. Bevor es zu spät ist!Das neue Kunstwort der "Infodemie" kann die Meinungsfreiheit zeitweise abschaffen.Der bereits seit Monaten von der umstrittenen WHO fein geschliffene Entwurf (in einer der gültigen Vertragssprachen, Englisch) offenbart inzwischen seinen wahren Kern: Bereits die veröffentlichte Fassung ohne Zusatzprotokolle oder -vereinbarungen enthält Regelungen, die ganz eindeutig dem Grundgesetz widersprechen. (Stand vom 30. Oktober 2023)Wer sich für die Veränderung der Demokratie und der Strukturen interessiert, die die Freiheit in Zukunft verändern werden, der wird Schritt für Schritt durch den Vertragstext aufwachen. Beim Vertragstext habe ich nichts hinzugefügt. Sofern ich als Übersetzer Anmerkungen habe werden diese in eckigen Klammern dargestellt.Wäre dies ein echter Auftrag eines Unternehmens oder einer Behörde, so würde ich gegenüber meinem Auftraggeber auf dem Dienstweg allerdings sofort die Alarmglocken läuten lassen. Dann wären "Interne Revision", die Unternehmensfunktion "Risiko & Compliance" oder der für die Sicherheit zuständige Beamte meine unmittelbaren Ansprechpartner. Ich würde sozusagen "Orange Alert" geben. Da Sie aber als hoffentlich geneigte Leserinnen und Leser meine Auftraggeber sind und ich das Buch für Sie anfertige... geht der Alarm direkt an Sie. Im Vertrag finden sich Wortschöpfungen und Verfahren zur Einschränkungen der Freiheit wie der Begriff der"Infodemie". Und die Verpflichtung von Herstellern bestimmte Anteile der Produktion zwangsweise an die WHO abzutreten und die Übernahme vieler nationale Funktionen der Gewerbeaufsicht und des Verbraucherschutzes. Zudem werden neue, dauerhafte Strukturen etabliert, die nicht nur im seltenen (?) Pandemiefall gelten werden. Es ist der zweitschlechteste Vertragstext, den ich bisher gesehen habe. Mit Nachteilen für den Staat als Ganzes, für Pharmahersteller, Angehörige von Gesundheitsberufen, Patienten....

Available open access digitally under CC-BY-NC-ND licence This book examines what happens when states and other authorities use detention to abuse their power, deter dissent and maintain social hierarchies. Written by an author with decades of practical experience in the human rights field, the book examines a variety of scenarios where individuals are unlawfully detained in violation of their most basic rights to personal liberty and exposes the many fallacies associated with arbitrary detention. Proposing solutions for future policy to scrutinise processes, this is a call for greater respect for the rule of law and human rights.

This book focuses on renegotiating extractive contracts to align with the net-zero goals. It delves into extractive contract negotiations in four ways which collectively represent a major research gap in literature. It focuses on extractive contract provisions and examines their alignment with net zero goals, suggesting how these provisions could be re-negotiated to ensure an effective energy transition. Consequently, the book assesses how contractual provisions are responding to, or reflecting energy transition scenarios, and highlights areas to be included or strengthened that will be beneficial for all energy stakeholders. This book goes on to discuss the energy transition global landscape. Through the presentation of case studies from different countries, the book assesses the transition risks in extractive contracts, and it uniquely provides the negotiation tools and strategies to address these transition risks.

This book explores how judiciaries in different parts of the world are responding to climate change and how climate change intersects with the law. It offers feminist approaches to the judicial responses to climate change in the Global South, providing both jurisdictional and thematic reviews. Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues facing humankind, and is currently reshaping geopolitics, governance, law, and international relations around the world.The book¿s originality lies in its endeavour to highlight judicial perspectives on climate change from prominent female researchers who have been working on this subject professionally and/or academically, bringing both regional and international views to the subject. The main objective is to give a new meaning to the study of climate change by bringing together the most recent aspects, including climate litigation, eco-constitutionalism and the environmental rule of law, climate and environmental justice, climate geopolitics and climate governance.The book will be of interest to students, academics, and scholars of climate law and environmental law around the world.

There are any number of studies on Turkish secularism. However, to date there has never been a comprehensive analysis of the constitutional protection of secularism, one that systematically covers all relevant aspects. Addressing that gap, this book presents a comprehensive and coherent analysis of the constitutional framework of this principle within the Turkish legal system.Secularism is a common fundamental principle of all three Turkish constitutions (1924, 1961, 1982). The principle has been granted an irrevocable status and has been strictly constructed within the Turkish constitutional system. Despite the guarantee of irrevocability, however, its interpretation and application have undergone a drastic transformation in response to changing social and political circumstances.Today, the complaints filed before the domestic and international judiciary predominantly concern the Turkish State¿s neutrality and impartiality towards religion and the exercise of freedom of religion by religious minorities. While many observers have interpreted these problems in light of the contemporary policies pursued in the field of religion, a closer look reveals that the problem lies deeper in Turkey¿s general constitutional framework. While the 1982 Constitution declares the principle as an unamendable characteristic of the Republic and protects it with multi-layered mechanisms, certain anti-democratic features of the Constitution, including the President¿s predominant role in forming the high-ranking judiciary, affect the proper and consistent application of the principle of secularism.The consolidation of the secular state order depends on various factors other than a suitable constitution. However, it goes without saying that constitutions can help or hinder efforts to find solutions. Therefore, this book identifies the deficiencies in the Turkish constitutional and legal framework regarding the protection of secularism. It presents the historical development and definition of a secular state, analyzes the jurisprudence of the Turkish Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights, studies the application of the party prohibition mechanism as a means of protecting the principle, and assesses the constitutional amendments of 2001, 2010 and 2017. Moreover, it proposes much-needed constitutional and legal amendments with a view to improving the application of the principle of secularism.

The book explores the right to free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) ¿ a highly controversial right. It is mainly discussed in the context of large-scale business projects on Indigenous territories but also with respect to the creation of protected areas and communities¿ traditional resource rights. From a legal anthropological perspective, it attempts to disentangle the various coexisting understandings of FPIC and provide an explanation for the multiplicity of FPIC norms or ¿ to put it in other words ¿ its fragmentation. It examines the right- or stakeholders of FPIC, the scope of the consent requirement, the respect for self-determined decision-making, and the right to FPIC of women in different sociolegal fields. Moreover, it explores the impact of power relations, strategic alliances, and discourses within these fields and shows that the emerging FPIC norms are the result of norm negotiation processes. The fields that are examined include transnational law ¿ more specifically, human rights, environmental, and development law -, the Liberian post-conflict forest and land legislation, and Liberian community forests as fields in which FPIC is operationalized. Liberia is quite unique in this respect. It is not only one of the few countries in Africa recognizing FPIC but has also begun implementing it. The book shows that based on the logic of a sociolegal field, legal identities are discursively created and determine the meaning of FPIC. Moreover, different actors can resort to different legalities shaping the emerging FPIC norm.