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»Law and Economics in all his facets«: The Festschrift pays tribute to Klaus Mathis' invaluable contribution at the interface of law and economics and constitutes a coherent reference work for the economic analysis of law. Fundamental thoughts on efficiency, justice and interdisciplinarity are followed by contributions in five areas of application of a law and economics perspective: corporate responsibility, environment, digitalization, economic and social policy, and consumer and insurance protection
What does it take to report from conflict zones? What good is neutrality in the face of suffering, and how much difference can one person make?From her first journalistic assignment in Gaza to covering the Arab Spring in Egypt, Sherine Tadros searched for ways to change people's lives for the better.It wasn't until her life fell apart that she found the courage to pursue her true purpose. With compassion and verve, Tadros now shares her remarkable journey, from witnessing injustice to fighting it in the corridors of power. In probing the line between journalism and activism, her memoir Taking Sides demonstrates why stories matter - and how we can all use our voices to inspire meaningful change.
This book is about environmental and climate legal protection in the energy transition. The Paris Agreement has a binding commitment of holding the global temperature increase to 2(deg)C while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5(deg)C. To cope with the negative effects of climate changes and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, one of the primary responses has been the deployment of renewable energy sources, transiting from fossil fuels to sustainable electricity production. However, renewable energy sources can also cause significant environmental impacts. Wind energy, for instance, can impact biodiversity, such as birds and bats, killing them when colliding with turbines and affecting their migration and nesting.This results in conflicts in environmental law. This book questions whether, in the energy transition, the generation of electricity from renewable sources to protect the climate is compatible with the protection of the environment, both interests in environmental law.To address this question, this book follows a legal-environmental perspective and assesses the common problem of solving those internal environmental conflicts in Brazilian and German law to understand and compare whether and how both legal systems solve the conflicts by compatibilizing the protection of the climate with other environmental interests. The legal analysis focuses on land-use planning and environmental licensing, assessing similarities and differences, and evaluating the results, identifying what one country can learn from the other.
The aim of this book is to delve into the impact of the Information and Communications Technologies in the criminal prevention and investigation, by addressing the state of the art of different measures and its implementation in different legal systems vis à vis the protection of human rights. Yet this research not only pursues a diagnostic goal but furthermore aims at providing a reconstruction of this problematic area in light of modern, human rights-oriented notion of criminal justice. This broadens the scope of this investigation, which encompasses both unprecedented safeguards to traditional, or anyway widely recognized individual rights and the emergence of new rights, such as the right to informational self-determination, and the right to information technology privacy.The book addresses the problems and potentials in the areas of criminal prevention and criminal investigation, taking into account that due to electronic surveillance and the progress in the use of big data for identifying risks, the borders between preventive and investigative e-measures is not clear-cut.
< p="">This book is a machine-generated literature overview that explores the impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on international trade and its development. It looks at international trade before and after 1995 when WTO was established. It highlights the journey of the reciprocity-based reforms under WTO that were expected to help the developing and less developed countries (LDCs) more vis-à-vis their developed counterparts, given the existence of systemic and structural bottlenecks in the latter territories. The enabling steps were further expected to promote exports from developing countries and LDCs in line with their comparative advantage patterns, enhance the wage level and in turn, facilitate development of local population. The book showcases how during the first decade after WTO inception, a considerable progress was made for facilitating exports from the lower and lower-middle income countries through crucial provisions like less than full reciprocity (LTFR), Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), support measures under Aid for Trade, zero duty preferences under Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) and so on. However, the pace of WTO reforms has slowed down in the aftermath of the sub-prime crisis in 2008-09 and subsequent focus on formation of regional trade agreements (RTAs). In particular, in the aftermath of Covid-19, a trend towards de-globalization has been noticed, with considerable ramifications for the development of lower-income countries. In this background, there is a need to analyze how the deepening of trade flows and the subsequent de-globalization waves in the global canvas have traversed different paths in different continents and draw the appropriate lessons for the understanding the trade-development interlinkage therein. With insightful observations from the human editors, this machine-generated overview would be of interest to academicians, policy research community, advisory research community, and students ofinternational trade globally.^
A powerful and urgent explanation and vindication of our human rights and freedomsAfter the devastation of World War Two, the international community came together to enshrine fundamental rights to refuge, health, education and living standards, for privacy, fair trials and free speech, and outlawing torture, slavery and discrimination. Their goal was greater global justice, equality, and peace. That settlement is now in danger, attacked by opponents from across the political spectrum and populist and authoritarian movements worldwide. We are threatened by wars, inequality, new technologies and climate catastrophe, and we need our human rights now more than ever. In this powerful, accessible book, Shami Chakrabarti, lawyer, parliamentarian and leading British human rights defender, shows us why human rights are essential for our future. Outlining the historic national and international struggles for human rights, from the fall of Babylon, to the present day, Chakrabarti is an indispensable guide to the law and logic underpinning human dignity and universal freedoms. Her intervention will engage both sceptics and supporters, equipping believers in the battle of ideas and persuading doubters to think again. For human rights to survive, they must be far better understood by everyone.
Gelare Matin untersucht das neugefasste Modellgesetze über Mediation im Vergleich einerseits zu dem vorausgehenden Modellgesetz von 2002, andererseits zu der Singapore Convention. Weitere vergleichende Bezüge werden zum UNCITRAL-Modellgesetz über die Internationale Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit von 1985/2006 sowie zum New Yorker Übereinkommmen über die Anerkennung und Vollstreckung ausländischer Schiedssprüche von 1958 gezogen.
The book deals with the secession/separation of territorial entities and the legal consequences that derive from it both for the parent state and for the seceded/separated entity or the entity that intends to secede/separate. This subject is approached from the triple perspective of international law, comparative law, and Spanish law.International law, because it is this legal system which contains the general legal framework within which this issue must be dealt with. Thus, for example, the legal basis of the right to self-determination, the constituent elements of the state, the recognition of states and governments, succession in the matter of treaties, succession in membership of International Organisations, etc.Moreover, international law is also the reference invoked by secessionist/independentist political projects within states in an attempt to provide a legal basis for the legality of their claim.Comparative law, in order to find out not only how most state constitutions deal with secession or independence of their territories, but also the jurisprudence handed down by national courts on the matter (USA, Canada, Italy, France, Spain, among others).And finally, Spanish Law, because the perspective chosen to address the object of study is from the perspective of Spain.
This book provides a comprehensive analysis of how EU state aid law is shaping the future of EU investment policy in a global context. It examines in detail how EU state aid policy and practice interact with the EU investment regime on the internal market and affect the external trade relations of the Member States and the EU alike. The debate this book engages in concerns competence, i.e., which body delineates the scope of state aid law and policy (now and in the future) when and where it intersects and collides with another distinct legal field: investment protection. Pursuing a doctrinal approach to the topic in the light of EU law and international law, the book analyses the interaction of the EU's trade, state aid and investment policy. This is done by posing the following research question: How is EU state aid law shaping the future of EU investment policy in a global context? Further, the book puts forward three corresponding arguments. First, this influence can be seen in the EU's incorporation of clauses promoting fair competition and state aid policy in international trade agreements. Second, EU state aid law and policy contributed to recent internal developments which led the Member States to terminate their bilateral agreements with each other (intra-EU BITs) by the end of 2019. Third, the EU has been working to replace the BITs between its Member States and third countries (extra-EU BITs) with its own trade agreements, which are aligned with EU legislation. This combined analysis of EU law and international law yields a number of interesting conclusions.The book addresses a highly topical and rapidly evolving area of EU law and international investment law. It is also the first book to provide a comprehensive approach to the interplay of state aid rules and EU investment policy internally and externally, i.e., within the EU and on a global scale. As such, it closes an important gap in the extant literature on international and EU law.
Canada and Colonialism presents the history Canadians must reckon with before decolonization is possible, from the nation's establishment as a settler colony to the discriminatory legacies still at work in our institutions and culture.
This book discusses the fundamental issues of public law in the area of statelessness from the perspectives of comparative law and international law standards. The author proposes an approach in which statelessness is not a homogeneous concept but is best analysed and responded to through the lens of different categories of statelessness. This accounts not only for the existence of different categories of stateless persons (e.g., voluntary or involuntary) but also for different assessments and needs of their respective situations for purposes such as prevention mechanisms. The book demonstrates the conceptual and regulatory relevance of this important differential aspect of the international law on statelessness (with implications for domestic legal systems).
In diesem Buch werden die völkerrechtlichen Debatten um die Dekolonialisierung innerhalb der Vereinten Nationen und in der Völkerrechtswissenschaft in den fünfziger und sechziger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts anhand des Beispiels Kongo (heutige Demokratische Republik Kongo) aufgearbeitet. Hierbei wird die Geschichte des ressourcenreichen Landes mit der Völkerrechtsgeschichte der Dekolonialisierung verbunden. In den Vordergrund rückt dabei die sog. Dependenztheorie. Diese aus den sechziger und siebziger Jahren stammende Theorie, wonach aus dem Kolonialismus hervorgegangene hierarchische Abhängigkeitsstrukturen eine Entwicklung der neuerdings unabhängigen Entwicklungsländer auch in der postkolonialen Ära begrenzen, wurde im letzten Jahrzehnt in der Völkerrechtsgeschichte aus postkolonialer Perspektive wiederentdeckt. Das Buch zeigt auf, dass die Dependenztheorie als Erklärung für die weiterhin bestehenden vielschichtigen Probleme im Kongo relevant bleibt.
Obwohl sieben der neun Menschenrechtsverträge auf Ebene der Vereinten Nationen die Möglichkeit eines Staatenbeschwerdeverfahrens eröffnen, kam dieser Verfahrensart über Jahrzehnte hinweg keinerlei praktische Bedeutung zu. Im Frühjahr 2018 erreichten den CERD-Ausschuss dann jedoch gleich drei verschiedene Staatenmitteilungen. Die erstmalige Aktivierung des Verfahrens fast 50 Jahre nach Inkrafttreten des Internationalen Übereinkommens zur Beseitigung jeder Form von Rassendiskriminierung (CERD) kann dabei als eine historische Entwicklung bezeichnet werden.Vor diesem Hintergrund bietet dieses Buch erstmals eine umfassende Auseinandersetzung mit dem Staatenbeschwerdeverfahren nach Art. 11-13 CERD und den sich daraus ergebenden völkerrechtlichen Fragen. Unter Auswertung der jüngsten Praxis des CERD-Ausschusses und der ad hoc Vergleichskommission wird die Funktionsweise des Verfahrens detailliert dargestellt, wobei immer wieder Parallelen zu den Mechanismen anderer Vertragsregime gezogen werden. Auf diese Weise soll die Arbeit auch zu dem Verständnis vergleichbarer Staatenbeschwerdeverfahren anderer Menschenrechtsverträge beitragen und zugleich die Bedeutung des Phänomens zwischenstaatlicher Streitbeilegung in Menschenrechtsfragen stärker in den Vordergrund rücken.
Anna Charlotte Kümpers widmet sich dem Umsetzungsverfahren unionsrechtlicher Richtlinien in nationales Recht. Am Beispiel von Deutschland und Frankreich befasst sie sich mit der in beiden Ländern angestrebten Vermeidung der überschießenden Richtlinienumsetzung, dem sogenannten Gold-Plating, sowie mit den Beweggründen für eine "No-Gold-Plating-Politik". Sie arbeitet zunächst die in diesem Kontext verwendeten - meist negativ konnotierten - Begrifflichkeiten heraus. Danach nimmt sie die jeweiligen landesspezifischen Steuerungselemente in den Fokus, deren Anwendung die Umsetzungspraxis des "Gold-Plating" verhindern soll, und vergleicht sie hinsichtlich ihrer Bindungswirkung und Effektivität. Abschließend würdigt die Verfasserin die Bestrebungen einer "No-Gold-Plating-Politik" anhand normativer Maßstäbe und greift dabei sowohl auf das primäre und sekundäre Unionsrecht als auch auf die nationalen Rechtsordnungen zurück.
Die umstrittene Geldpolitik der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB) hat den Europäischen Verfassungsgerichtsverbund vor eine Zerreißprobe gestellt. Wer kontrolliert die EZB, die unabhängigste Notenbank der Welt? Die verschiedenen gerichtlichen Verfahren gegen unkonventionelle geldpolitische Maßnahmen der EZB nimmt Sara Elisa Dietz zum Anlass, sich umfassend mit den unionsrechtlichen Grundsätzen europäischer Geldpolitik auseinanderzusetzen. Die Unabhängigkeit der EZB ist Dreh- und Angelpunkt für die Frage, wie weit eine rechtliche Einhegung und gerichtliche Kontrolle gehen darf und muss. Dabei spielen die makroökonomischen Wirkungsweisen des Zentralbankhandelns eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Autorin verbindet daher den juristischen mit dem ökonomischen Diskurs, um für die Praxis handhabbare und den makroökonomischen Gegebenheiten Rechnung tragende rechtliche Maßstäbe zu entwickeln.
Antonia Schlicht untersucht die Rolle von Compliance-Entscheidungen in umweltvölkerrechtlichen Vertragswerken. Sie beleuchtet, wie völkerrechtliche Verträge dadurch informell fortentwickelt werden und welche Auswirkungen dieser Sachverhalt auf das Verfassungsrecht hat. Wie kann das Verfassungsrecht mit dem modernen Völkerrecht umgehen und welche Rechtswirkung kommt den Entscheidungen der Compliance Committees zu? Die Autorin analysiert insbesondere Art. 59 GG und den Begriff der auswärtigen Gewalt. Dabei identifiziert sie "Legitimationslücken". Abschließend werden praktische Lösungsvorschläge zur Überbrückung der identifizierten Lücken entwickelt. Antonia Schlicht schlägt für die nationale Ebene Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der inneren Organisation, der Arbeitsweise und des Zusammenwirkens aller Gewalten vor und entwickelt auch Lösungsvorschläge für die internationalen Verfahrensabläufe.
The United States makes significant investments in military activities that are intended to deter Russian and Iranian aggression. These investments have only grown in Europe since 2014, when Russia invaded and subsequently annexed Crimea, and remain substantial in the Middle East despite the overall trend of the United States reducing its forward posture in that theater. The increased importance of deterrence as a military mission raises the question of how the United States can most effectively and efficiently deter Russia and Iran without crowding out investments in its other key military missions--including competing with China in the Indo-Pacific. To support defense planners in crafting effective and efficient deterrence strategies, RAND researchers conducted a multimethod analysis--consisting of a literature review, roundtables with subject-matter experts, quantitative analysis, and a case study of Ukraine--to examine conventional deterrence in two theaters: U.S. European Command (EUCOM) and U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM). Specifically, the researchers assessed the deterrent impacts of three categories of U.S. operations, activities, and investments (OAIs): U.S. forward presence; exercises and short-term deployments, such as bomber task force (BTF) missions; and security cooperation. In this report, the researchers describe their findings and offer recommendations for defense planners. This research was completed before the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. It has not been subsequently revised.
This unique book charts the regulation of British ships throughout the nineteenth century, from no regulation in 1800, to enactment in the 1890s, of a model of customary and national maritime law adopted by many States.
This book explores innovative and context-driven political and legal policy measures designed to expand the powers of the African Union (AU) in order to meaningfully drive the continental integration process. In this regard, the book addresses issues of context, political will, and innovative and inclusive approaches as essential elements that must be considered. Africa is currently experiencing one of the most critical phases of its integrative development. Since 2015, there have been increasing efforts to develop policies and practices that grant the AU broader powers to coordinate and create binding rules regarding the regional integration process. In other words, these processes seek to endow the AU with supranational powers like those exercised by the European Union, which, despite its internal problems, remains the most successful experiment in supranationalism in the world.This has included the decision to finance the AU through a 0.2% tax on eligible imports into member states; the decision to reduce the number of AU Commission portfolios from eight to six; the adoption and entry into force of the much touted Agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area; the adoption of the Protocol to the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community Relating to Free Movement of Persons, Right to Residence and Right of Establishment; and the adoption of the AU Agenda 2063 policy framework in 2015. How these processes will change the direction of regional integration in Africa, the book argues, largely depends on the existence of quality-driven institutions.
"A critical, interdisciplinary account of how refugees and their oral testimony are judged by refugee-receiving states. A comprehensive legal analysis of systems of refugee status determination in Australia and Canada and the role of narrative studies and narrative theory in understanding international refugee law and its application"--
The expression "e;transitional justice"e; emerged at the end of the Cold War, during the transition from dictatorships to democracies, and serves as a central concept in dealing with systemic injustice. This textbook examines the basic principles of transitional justice and explores its core mechanisms, including prosecutions, amnesties, truth commissions, reparations, and vetting the public service. It elaborates the substance and legal framework of these mechanisms and discusses current challenges.The book provides extensive material illustrating a wide variety of transitional justice situations. "e;This book summarizes the subjects of transitional justice and Vergangenheitsbewaltigung systematically and clearly"e; (Joachim Gauck, German Federal President, 2012-2017).
Weapon exports and the provision of security and military services abroad by China and Russia serve as a means for both countries to extend their influence around the globe. How do such activities affect India--an emerging great power--and what do they mean for India-U.S. security cooperation? A conference held on June 30 and July 1, 2022, sponsored by the U.S. Department of State, was part of an ongoing project focusing on these questions. Participants explored Indian and U.S. views on important security issues across the Indo-Pacific and sought to identify areas of mutual interest and disagreement. Discussions were informed by six papers--three from the RAND Corporation and three from the Observer Research Foundation--that discussed common approaches to bilateral security cooperation, Russian arms sales to India, and the challenges posed by China to regional security. This report contains those papers, along with a summary of the issues discussed.
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