Materialelære

This book covers some of the fundamental topics in fluid power technology, presenting detailed derivations of formulas that form the basis of the theory. It shows the reader how to properly (i) design basic fluid power systems, (ii) construct lumped parameter models of simple fluid power systems, (iii) perform frequency analysis of fluid power components and systems, and (iv) develop controllers for fluid power systems. The book mainly focusses on mathematical modelling and analysis of fluid power components and systems i.e. practical issues such as working principles and construction of components are not covered in depth. The text is organized in four main parts: I Physics of Fluid, II Fluid Power Components, III Fluid Power Systems and IV Learning by Doing.

The book presents recent advances in the synthesis of bioinspired nanomaterials and their applications in areas such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis, supercapacitors and solar cells. Specific topics include photocatalytic disinfection, degradation of toxic chemicals, energy conversion and energy storage.Keywords: Bionanomaterials, Nanomaterial Synthesis, Green Synthesis, Metal Nanoparticles, Metal Oxide Nanostructures, Photocatalysis, Electrocatalysis, Photoelectrocatalysis, Energy-Related Electrocatalysis, Supercapacitors, Disinfection, Toxic Chemicals, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

The book systematically accounts for the scientific and technological problems of nanostructured silicon in the form of porous and black silicon. Nanostructured silicon is currently a pioneer research topic worldwide due to its enormous potential applications for modern electronic devices, such as sensitive photodetectors, solar cells, biochemical sensors, hydrogen generators, and display devices. The main structural modifications of this nanomaterial are porous and black silicon. Porous silicon addresses crystalline silicon with nanopores and black silicon with nanoneedles. Historically, porous silicon is thought to be a kind of precursor to black silicon. The formation, research, and application of nanostructured silicon remains the main cornerstone of nanotechnologies, and this book is useful for a wide range of researchers in the fields of semiconductor physics, micro-, and nanoelectronics. The author outlines the prospect of black silicon fabrication and its various applications. As for porous silicon, the book contains a detailed analysis of this material as a precursor of black silicon. This allows it to be possible to carry out correlations between two structural modifications of nanostructured silicon to clearly and reasonably show their advantages and disadvantages. With many references to a vast resource of recently published literature, this book serves as an important and insightful source of valuable information and provides scientists and engineers with new ideas to better understand the formation processes of nanostructured silicon as well as improve and expand their properties.

This book is an important guide to aluminum alloys. It discusses the basics of aluminum alloys, how they are prepared, how their properties can be altered, the relationship between their microstructures and properties, and their advanced applications. This book includes eleven chapters organized into four sections: ¿Introduction to Aluminum Alloys¿, ¿Fabrication of Aluminum Alloys¿, ¿Properties of Aluminum Alloys¿, and ¿Advanced Applications of Aluminum Alloys¿. Chapters address such topics as aluminum alloys and their grain refinement; extrusion, low- and high-pressure casting, and additive manufacturing techniques to prepare different grades of aluminum alloys; how the property of aluminum alloys can be altered by adding dispersing agents; and more.

This collection presents papers from the 152nd Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

This volume explores recent innovations across the entire pipeline of imaging signal transduction, cell preparation, cellular manipulation, image acquisition, and computational analysis. The chapters in this book cover topics such as rapid preparation of living Drosophila pupal macrophages for ex vivo imaging; controlling the potency of T cell activation using an optically tuneable chimeric antigen receptor; in situ imaging of proteins using DNA-PAINT super-resolution microscopy; reconstructing signaling networks using biosensor barcoding; and morphological, spatial, and dynamic models for cellular components. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and authoritative, Imaging Cell Signaling is a valuable resource that provides guidance to researchers looking to learn how to effectively tailor design projects to image, manipulate, and model signal transduction.

Characterization Techniques for Bionanocomposites: Advances, Challenges, and Applications provides a detailed review of current techniques used for the characterization of bionanocomposites. The chapters cover physical, chemical, thermal, and electrical characterization techniques as well as spectroscopic and microscopic methods. There is also an entire section dedicated to biodegradability and biological characterization. With its numerous case studies and practical examples, researchers will find this book a valuable information resource that enables them to identify which specialized characterization tools can be applied to different materials for a broad range of biological, environmental, and industrial applications.

This collection presents papers from the 153rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

This collection covers innovations in the field of composite materials with a specific focus on eco-friendly and environmentally sustainable systems. All composite fields are explored, including polymer, metal, and ceramic matrix composites with an emphasis on sourcing raw materials in a sustainable way as well as the development of composite materials for environmental sustainability. Topics will include the development of new materials for structural applications, reduction in energy consumption, and increased component life along with discussions of novel methods to reuse existing materials. Additional topics include, but are not limited to:· Naturally Sourced Materials feedstock· Recycled Material feedstock, · Application of composite for reduced carbon footprint · Development of novel materials to repurpose waste from other areas

The book covers in particular state-of-the-art scientific research about product quality control and related health and environmental safety topics, including human, animal and plant safety assurance issues. These conference proceedings provide contemporary information on the general theoretical, metrological and practical issues of the production and application of reference materials.Reference materials play an integral role in physical, chemical and related type of measurements, ensuring their uniformity, comparability and the validity of quantitative analysis as well as, as a result, the objectivity of decisions concerning the elimination of technical barriers in commercial and economic, scientific and technical and other spheres of cooperation. The book is intended for researchers and practitioners in the field of chemistry, metrologists, technical physics, as well as for specialists in analytical laboratories, or working for companies and organizations involved in the production, distribution and use of reference materials.

This book covers thermal stresses in plates and shells, offering a cutting-edge exploration of this critical field. Tailored for a diverse audience, including graduate and postgraduate students, dedicated researchers, and scientists in both industrial and government sectors, as well as engineers specializing in mechanical, aerospace, and civil engineering. The book unfolds over eight meticulously crafted chapters, providing a detailed examination of thermal stresses in rectangular and circular plates, along with an array of shell geometries. Circular cylindrical, spherical, conical, and shells of revolution undergo rigorous analysis under various load conditions. A focal point of the text lies in the exhaustive treatment of tensor analysis within a curvilinear coordinate system. This framework lays the foundation for the derivation of precise strain-displacement relations for an array of shell configurations. The book further elucidates the transformation of Codazzi and Gauss conditions from surface continuity to compatibility conditions within elasticity theory. Chapter 5 introduces analytical solutions for diverse thermal loads affecting cylindrical, spherical, and conical shells. Chapters 6 and 7 delve into the intricate domain of coupled thermoelasticity, particularly in plates and shells subjected to shock loads. The book culminates in Chapter 8, where the intriguing phenomenon of thermal-induced vibrations in plates and shells takes center stage. With a commitment to accessibility, this self-contained volume presents mathematical concepts and numerical methods in an approachable manner, ensuring ease of comprehension for the reader. However, a foundational understanding of classical mathematics, mechanics, and elasticity theory is recommended for optimal engagement.

This book is covering the basics of rheology and is based on knowledge gained during many years of both practical and theoretical work with rheological challenges in most industrial branches. It serves to help the reader to gain the understanding needed to plan, perform and interpret rheological measurements to study material properties at rest and during flow. This book is based on the knowledge needs expressed by more than 3000 participants taken my basic, advanced and company specific training courses. It does not require any previous knowledge in rheology. It combines easy to understand descriptions of the basic rheological concepts with the corresponding theoretical concepts. Then all concepts are applied in easy to understand studies and the resulting rheological behavior is explained. Theoretical rheology is one thing but if you can not apply it, designing measurements that really mirror the material properties you are studying, then your rheological understanding remains theoretical and your true material properties unexplored. This book helps the reader to find out which material properties are important and how to specifically measure these properties using rheological instruments.

The Magnesium Technology Symposium at the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition is one of the largest yearly gatherings of magnesium specialists in the world. Papers represent all aspects of the field, ranging from primary production to applications and recycling. Moreover, papers explore everything from basic research findings to industrialization. Magnesium Technology 2024 is a definitive reference that covers a broad spectrum of current topics, including novel extraction techniques; primary production; alloys and their production; integrated computational materials engineering; thermodynamics and kinetics; plasticity mechanisms; cast products and processing; wrought products and processing; forming, joining, and machining; corrosion and surface finishing; fatigue and fracture; dynamic response; structural applications; degradation and biomedical applications; emerging applications; additive manufacturing of powders; and recycling, ecological issues, and life cycle analysis.

This collection presents papers from a symposium on extraction of rare metals from primary and secondary materials and residues as well as rare extraction processing techniques used in metal production. The collection covers the extraction of less common or minor metals including elements such as antimony, bismuth, barium, beryllium, boron, calcium, chromium, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, manganese, molybdenum, platinum group metals, rare earth metals, rhenium, scandium, selenium, sodium, strontium, tantalum, tellurium, and tungsten. It also includes rare metals of low-tonnage sales compared to high-tonnage metals (iron, copper, nickel, lead, tin, zinc, or light metals such as aluminum, magnesium, or titanium and electronic metalloid silicon). Rare metal processing covers bio-metallurgy, hydro-metallurgy, and electro-metallurgy while novel high-temperature processes such as microwave heating, solar-thermal reaction synthesis, and cold crucible synthesis of rare metals are also addressed. Also included in this collection is the design of extraction equipment used in these processes from suppliers as well as laboratory and pilot plant studies.

The collection focuses on the advancements of characterization of minerals, metals, and materials and the applications of characterization results on the processing of these materials. Advanced characterization methods, techniques, and new instruments are emphasized. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to:· Extraction and processing of various types of minerals, process-structure-property relationship of metal alloys, glasses, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, and carbon using functional and structural materials.· Novel methods and techniques for characterizing materials across a spectrum of systems and processes. · Characterization of mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, dielectric, magnetic, physical, and other properties of materials. · Characterization of structural, morphological,and topographical natures of materials at micro- and nano- scales. · Characterization of extraction and processing including process development and analysis. · Advances in instrument developments for microstructure analysis and performance evaluation of materials, such as computer tomography (CT), X-ray and neutron diffraction, electron microscopy (SEM, FIB, TEM), and spectroscopy (EDS, WDS, EBSD) techniques. · 2D and 3D modelling for materials characterization.

This book presents 60 selected peer-reviewed contributions from the international conference Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications, PHENMA 2023 (3-8 October, 2023, Surabaya, Indonesia), focusing on processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of advanced materials. The book describes a broad spectrum of promising nanostructures, crystal structures, materials, and composites with unique properties. It presents nanotechnological design approaches, environmental-friendly processing techniques, and physicochemical as well as mechanical studies of advanced materials. The selected contributions describe recent progress in energy harvesting and piezoelectric materials optimization, electromagnetoelastic actuators for nanotechnology research, impedance spectroscopy and study of ceramic materials, catalyst synthesis and control of morphological characteristics, synthesis and study of electrocatalysts for fuel cells. The presented results are important forongoing efforts concerning the theory, modelling, and testing of advanced materials. Other results are devoted to the analysis of technogenic raw materials and different material applications in science, technique and industry.

This book covers various subtopics of catalyst research. It provides essential background material on key concepts in catalyst technologies, along with recent developments in synthesis methods. The book delves into diverse areas such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, biocatalysis, and heterogeneous catalysis, offering a detailed exploration of their respective advancements, advantages, disadvantages, and applications in different catalytic reactions. It also presents fundamental ideas and overviews of noble-metal-free bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting in alkaline medium, catalytic nitrite reduction, and the utilization of catalysts supported on various materials like CeO2, Nb2O5, ZrO2, TiO2, ¿-Al2O3, SiO2, and ZSM-5 for the removal of high concentrations of nitrite in water. Moreover, the book provides insights into topics such as polyphenol oxidase mimics as catalysts, ferrites nanoparticles/graphene oxide nanoparticles and their composites as enzyme mimics and photocatalysts, electrochemical approaches with basic concepts and materials for hydrogen technologies, as well as recent advances and applications of modified-semiconductor photocatalysts in pollutant degradation. For scientists and researchers, the book offers a wealth of recent experimental and computational results, along with in-depth discussions. Some of the specific areas covered include sphalerite ZnS nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized via solvothermal method, incorporating various ruthenium (Ru) concentrations. Additionally, the book explores the modification of TiO2 as SO4/TiO2 acid and CaO/TiO2 base catalysts, and their applications in converting waste frying oil into biodiesel.

This book highlights the photogalvanic effects at low dimensions, surfaces, and interfaces, more specifically 2D materials, such as graphene and monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Although the phenomenology of the photogalvanic effects, which can be simply seen as photoresponse nonlinear-in-electric field, have been well-established, the microscopic understanding in each material system may vary. This book is a quick reference and a detailed roadmap starting from phenomenology and continuing with the ultimate low dimensional materials, in which the photogalvanic effects can offer a rich platform at the second-order response to an electric field. A general phenomenology of photogalvanic effect is provided in the first chapter, together with the photon drag effect which also generates a photocurrent like the photogalvanic effect, but with some distinct features, as well as somewhat puzzling similarities. Next two chapters explain these effects in graphene, starting with a necessary related background on graphene, then a particular focus on its specific phenomenology, microscopic theory, and experimental results. In a similar fashion, in chapters four and five, a necessary background for the photogalvanic effects in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, with symmetry analysis, microscopic theory, and experimental results is presented, along with the Berry curvature dependent photocurrent, which can also play an important role in 2D semiconductors. The second-order photogalvanic effects that have been covered so far in graphene and monolayer transition metal chalcogenides have already excited the 2D semiconductor optoelectronic research community by several means. It seems that the interests on the photogalvanic effects will continue to escalate in near future.

This volume presents a compilation of research works in civil engineering. All manuscripts in this volume were presented during the 2nd International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (ICACE 2018) which was held at Parkroyal Hotel, Penang, Malaysia on 09-10 May 2018.  The editor(s) of the proceeding would like to express the utmost gratitude and thanks to all reviewers in the technical team for making this volume a success.