Materialelære

Nanocomposites for Environmental, Energy and Agricultural Applications presents a comprehensive overview of recent developments and prospects for nanocomposites in sustainable/green energy production, water/wastewater treatment as well as crop production. Each chapter introduces the fundamental principles as well as the design and characterization of nanocomposites for various applications. This includes detailed discussions of nanocomposites technology, including mixed matrix membranes for water and gas separation, nanohybrid catalysts for organic pollutants degradation and sustainable energy production as well as advanced nanocomposites of different structural dimensions (0D, 1D, 2D and 3D) for agricultural utilization. The book also discusses the challenges of lab-based research towards industrial implementation and related case studies based on pilot and full-scale processes. At the end of each chapter, future opportunities for improvement will be provided to offer researchers a new research direction. The book will be a practical guide for researchers and scientists working in the fields of nanotechnology and nanomaterials science and technology.

Smart Polymer Nanocomposites: Design, Synthesis, Functionalization, Properties, and Applications brings together the latest research on synthetic methods and surface functionalization of polymers and polymer composites for advanced applications. Sections cover the basic principles of advanced polymer nanocomposites, including morphology, materials, characterization, and copolymerization, provide in-depth coverage of synthetic methods, facilitating the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles with the required properties, examine the morphologies of polymer nanocomposites and stimuli-responsive surfaces, and focus on cutting-edge approaches to tailoring polymeric nanocomposites according to the requirements. The book's final chapters focus on smart polymer nanocomposites for specific advanced applications, including high-temperature environments, bone tissue regeneration, biomedicine, wastewater treatment, dielectric and energy storage, chiral separation, food packaging, sensing, and drug delivery. This is a valuable resource for researchers and advanced students in polymer science, composite science, nanotechnology, and materials science, as well as those approaching the area from a range of other disciplines, including industry R&D.

Das Buch beinhaltet eine strukturierte Sammlung der vollständigen Lösungen aller wesentlichen ebenen Kontaktprobleme. Es werden klassische Profile ¿ wie der Zylinder, der Keil oder der quaderförmige flache Stempel ¿ unter zentrischer und exzentrischer Belastung behandelt, aber auch eine Vielzahl weiterer technisch relevanter Formen, wie der flache Stempel mit abgerundeten Kanten, der Keil mit abgerundeter Spitze oder wellige Oberflächen. In Bezug auf die Lastkonfiguration werden adhäsive und adhäsionsfreie Normalkontakte, Tangentialkontakte und Rollkontakte berücksichtigt. Als Materialien kommen elastisch isotrope, transversal isotrope, viskoelastische und funktionale Gradientenmedien zur Sprache. Die angegebenen Lösungen werden jeweils auf dem einfachsten zur Verfügung stehenden Weg hergeleitet und umfassen neben den makroskopischen Zusammenhängen zwischen der Last und der Kontaktkonfiguration die Spannungsfelder in der Oberfläche und gegebenenfalls innerhalb der Kontaktkörper.

The book provides an overarching perspective on sustainability from a historical, practical and legal perspective. It offers a holistic understanding of economic and ecologic concepts. Schools for sustainable business models are introduced and discussed. As a broader concept Life Cycle Assessments are discussed and examples for their application are provided with a focus on CO2 Footprints. Ecodesign as measures for reducing Carbon Footprints are introduced both for physical products and for service organizations. From an organizational perspective it is clear that managing the reduction of the sustainability-related impact is a matter that has to involve all stakeholders. Tasks for all involved are given and their contributions are described. As it is crucial to provide evidence for the activities reported audits are described as well methods to transfer information to the appropriate stakeholders. The book is targeted at practitioners and students who want to get to know the subject or need to implement the respective measures in companies.

Bamboo is considered one of the most sustainable and versatile building materials, driving the development of multiple techniques for its study and utilization. With new techniques to better analyze, comprehend, and exploit its uses, the plant can be used in numerous applications. From direct building material to composites, this book explores the latest developments in the application of bamboo in the sustainable construction industry.

This book highlights recent developments related to fabrication and utilization of nanoparticle-engineered metal matrices and their composites linked to the heavy industries, temperature fasteners, high-pressure vessels, and heavy turbines, etc. The mechanical properties of newly developed metallic composites are discussed in terms of tensile modulus, hardness, ductility, crack propagation, elongation, and chemical inertness. This book presents the design, development, and implementation of state-of-the-art methods linked to nanoparticle-reinforced metal nanocomposites for a wide variety of applications. Therefore, in a nutshell, this book provides a unique platform for researchers and professionals in the area of nanoparticle-reinforced metal nanocomposites.

This book discusses recent trends and concepts in the field of biorefinery. It discusses optimal and economic strategies for converting biomass to value-added products to maximize profits with minimal environmental impact with a sustainability approach. The chapters of the book are focused on the current technologies, techno-economical aspects, life cycle assessment, and case studies. The book is divided into three sections; the first section presents strategies for the production of biofuels like bioethanol, biomethane, biohydrogen, bio-oil, gasification, etc., from the biomass in a sustainable way. The second sections review the extraction of bioactive chemicals, phenolic antioxidants, enzymes, and carboxylic acid from the biomass residue. The last section examines the utilization of biomass for the production of bioactive materials, including biofertilizers, bioadsorbents, activated carbon, nano-materials, and pigments. This book explores the relation between biofuels and the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 7.

The population balance methodology provides a powerful framework for studying polydisperse entities such as aerosols, crystals and bubbles. This self-contained and accessible book explains how this theoretical framework can be employed across a wide range of scientific, engineering and environmental problems. The methodology is explained step-by-step, showing readers how to use these techniques by formulating the population balance problem, choosing models and implementing appropriate solution methods. Particular focus is given to the coupling of the population balance with fluid mechanics and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), in both laminar and turbulent flows. Applications of the population balance methodology are explored in case studies including nanoparticle synthesis, soot formation and crystallisation, and sample open-source code is provided. This book will be valuable to researchers across a range of disciplines including chemical and mechanical engineering, physics and environmental science, and can be used as a resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses.

A book on concrete that looks at a problem or an issue, and discusses the underlying scientific and technological aspects, including broader contextual topics. It explains how closely we can determine the water - cement ratio of hardened concrete and considers whether we can verify the age of cracks by measuring carbonation.

This book covers some of the fundamental topics in fluid power technology, presenting detailed derivations of formulas that form the basis of the theory. It shows the reader how to properly (i) design basic fluid power systems, (ii) construct lumped parameter models of simple fluid power systems, (iii) perform frequency analysis of fluid power components and systems, and (iv) develop controllers for fluid power systems. The book mainly focusses on mathematical modelling and analysis of fluid power components and systems i.e. practical issues such as working principles and construction of components are not covered in depth. The text is organized in four main parts: I Physics of Fluid, II Fluid Power Components, III Fluid Power Systems and IV Learning by Doing.

In the evolving world of industrial materials, conventional choices have proved to be insufficient to meet the demands of contemporary applications. With the introduction of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, groundbreaking synthesis approaches are crafting nanocomposites with unprecedented versatility. Smart and Sustainable Applications of Nanocomposites delves into this research, exploring the bioinspired synthesis of nanocomposites and their multi-dimensional applications across diverse industries. This book addresses the escalating challenges faced by the nano-industry, such as the widening application window requiring additional properties like high modulus, flame retardation, UV resistance, and more. The book champions the development of environmentally friendly nanocomposites, ushering in the next generation of nanomaterials by reinforcing fibers, whiskers, or nano clays. Unique substitutes like ceramic, agricultural waste, and polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites are thoroughly examined for their exceptional physical, chemical, and physicochemical properties. From triobiological applications to the synthesis of bio-nanocoating, the book spans an array of subjects, each chapter revealing the potential applications of nanotechnology and nanocoatings in diverse fields. It highlights the ethical and environmental implications of this burgeoning technology, making it a crucial resource for students, researchers, academicians, and industry professionals.

Fibre hybridisation is a well-established methodology to enhance the failure strains of ¿bre reinforced composites. In a hybrid ¿bre composite, the matrix is reinforced by two or more types of ¿bres, with typically a large sti¿ness contrast. When exactly two types of ¿bres are used for reinforcement, the ¿bres with greater sti¿ness are conventionally called the low extension (LE) ¿bres, while those with greater compliance are called high extension (HE) ¿bres. Hybrid ¿bre composites are typically divided into three cate- gories. If layers of LE and HE ¿bres are stacked over one other, an interlayer or layer-by-layer con¿guration is obtained. If yarns of LE and HE ¿bres are co-woven to form a hybrid ¿bre composite, an intralayer or yarn-by-yarn con¿guration is obtained. Finally, if the LE and HE ¿bres are randomly mixed together, the intrayarn or ¿bre-by-¿bre con¿guration is obtained. From a manufacturing perspec- tive, it is most di¿cult to produce intrayarn composites, and easiest to produce interlayer composites. Hybridisation seeks to combine the advantages of both ¿bre types and alleviate some of the disadvantages. As an example, carbon ¿bre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites exhibit good strength to weight ratio, but undergo brittle failure leading to low fracture toughness. On the other hand, glass ¿bre reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites exhibit ductile failure, but süer from a relatively higher density than CFRPs, resulting in a lower strength to weight ratio. By combining the carbon ¿bres and glass ¿bres at a microscopic level, intermediate properties can be achieved.

The book presents recent advances in the synthesis of bioinspired nanomaterials and their applications in areas such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis, supercapacitors and solar cells. Specific topics include photocatalytic disinfection, degradation of toxic chemicals, energy conversion and energy storage.Keywords: Bionanomaterials, Nanomaterial Synthesis, Green Synthesis, Metal Nanoparticles, Metal Oxide Nanostructures, Photocatalysis, Electrocatalysis, Photoelectrocatalysis, Energy-Related Electrocatalysis, Supercapacitors, Disinfection, Toxic Chemicals, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells