Materialelære

Interfacial Science for Geosystems Engineers provides geoscientists the connections between the nano-scale physico-chemical interactions between fluids and minerals and the core/field-scale observations to manage energy extraction, water resources and subsurface storage, timely topics central to the energy transition. Packed with latest research and recent developments, chapter learning objectives, and illustrative diagrams, tables and charts throughout, this specialized volume will help geosystems engineers tackle the above challenges, by systematically going through the basics of surface and interfacial tension, capillarity, surfactants, surface free energy, adsorption, electrokinetics, colloidal stability, equilibrium and stability of thin liquid films, wettability, microemulsions, emulsions and foams, and polymers for subsurface applications. Useful as a teaching, training or reference text, Interfacial Science for Geosystems Engineers prepares today's subsurface scientists and engineers to tackle two pressing problems in the energy transition, by introducing recent developments on how to remove CO2 from our environment and how to wean ourselves off fossil energy while meeting growing energy demands.

Surfactant Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors discusses the applications of surfactants for electrochemical sensors. Surfactant based electrochemical sensors exhibit elevated sensitivity, selectivity, stability and accuracy as compared to other analytical techniques. This book covers the emerging research trends and exploitation of surfactants for electrochemical sensor preparation for its applications in various fields such as academia, medicine, industry and monitoring of environmental species, expanding on scientific research in the field of electrochemistry on surfactant based electrochemical sensors. Sections present the characteristics of surfactants and discuss their application for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors and bio sensors, address the analysis of toxic chemicals and their quantitative determination and offers surfactant based sensing platforms for environmental modeling, discuss the significance of the analysis of molecules and ions in biological and pharmaceutical sampling, present new methodologies for the determination of food additives and biological molecules present in food samples, and explore the sustainability, safety and toxicity aspects.

Materials Processing: A Unified Approach to Processing of Metals, Ceramics and Polymers: Second Edition is the first textbook to bring the fundamental concepts of materials processing together in a unified approach that highlights the overlap in scientific and engineering principles. The book teaches students key principles involved in the processing of engineering materials, specifically metals, ceramics, and polymers, from starting or raw materials through to final functional forms. The book's self-contained approach is based on the state of matter most central to the shaping of the material: melt, solid, powder, dispersion and solution, and vapor. This fully updated edition includes expanded coverage of additive manufacturing and more comprehensive problem sets.

This volume focuses on the biomedical aspects of inorganic polyphosphates, a family of unique bio-inorganic polymers.In recent years, great advances have been made in understanding the development, metabolism, and physiological role of inorganic polyphosphates. These energy-rich polymers, which consist of long chains of phosphate units, are evolutionary old molecules. The acidocalcisomes, conserved organelles from bacteria to humans, as well as the mitochondria play a central role in polyphosphate production and storage. Polyphosphates have been assigned multiple functions, some of which are closely related to medically important processes, such as blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, energy metabolism, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, chaperon function, microvascularization, stress response, neurodegeneration and aging. The development of bioinspired polyphosphate particles, in combination with suitable hydrogel-forming polymers enabled the development of new strategies in regenerative medicine, in particular for hard and soft tissue repair, but also in drug delivery and antimicrobial defense. This book not only highlights the basic research in this area, but also discusses possible applications. Therefore, it appeals to scientists working in cell biology, biochemistry, and biomedicine and practicioners alike.

This book offers a comprehensive and timely overview of the latest developments in the field of biomechanics and extensive knowledge of tissue structure, function, and modeling. Gathering chapters written by authoritative scientists, it reports on a range of continuum and computational models of solids, and related experimental works, for biomechanical applications. It discusses cutting-edge advances such as constitutive modeling and computational simulation of biological tissues and organs under physiological and pathological conditions, and their mechanical characterization. It covers  innovative studies on arteries, heart, valvular tissue, and thrombus, brain tumor, muscle, liver, kidney, and stomach, among others. Written in honor of Professor Gerhard A. Holzapfel,  the book provides specialized readers with a thorough and timely overview of different types of modeling in biomechanics, and current knowledge about biological structures and function.

Best practices from around the world have proven that holistic Energy Master Planning can be the key to identifying cost-effective solutions for energy systems that depend on climate zone, density of energy users, and local resources. Energy Master Planning can be applied to various scales of communities, e.g., to a group of buildings, a campus, a city, a region, or even an entire nation.Although the integration of the energy master planning into the community master planning process may be a challenging task, it also provides significant opportunities to support energy efficiency and community resilience by increasing budgets for investments derived from energy savings, by providing more resilient and cost-effective systems, by increasing comfort and quality of life, and by stimulating local production, which boosts local economies.The Guide is designed to provide a valuable information resource for those involved in community planning: energy systems engineers, architects, energy managers, and building operators. Specifically, this Guide was developed to support the application of the Energy Master Planning process through the lens of best practices and lessons learned from case studies from around the globe. The Guide introduces concepts and metrics for energy system resilience methodologies, and discusses business and financial models for Energy Master Plans implementation. This information can help planners to establish objectives and constraints for energy planning and to select and apply available technologies and energy system architectures applicable to their diverse local energy supply and demand situations.This Guide is a result of research conducted under the International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC) Program Annex 73 and the US Department of Defense Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) project EW18-5281 to support the planning of Low Energy Resilient Public Communities process that is easy to understand and execute.

This book introduces readers to the physics governing electron emission under high voltages and temperatures, and highlights recent modeling and numerical developments for describing these phenomena. It begins with a brief introduction, presenting several applications that have driven electron emission research in the last few decades. The authors summarize the most relevant theories including the physics of thermo-field electron emission and the main characteristic parameters. Based on these theories, they subsequently describe numerical multi-physics models and discuss the main findings on the effect of space charges, emitter geometry, pulse duration, etc.Beyond the well-known photoelectric effect, the book reviews recent advanced theories on photon-metal interaction. Distinct phenomena occur when picosecond and femtosecond lasers are used to irradiate a surface. Their consequences on metal electron dynamics and heating are presented and discussed, leading to various emission regimes - in and out of equilibrium. In closing, the book reviews the effects of electron emission on high-voltage operation in vacuum, especially breakdown and conditioning, as the most common examples. The book offers a uniquely valuable resource for graduate and PhD students whose work involves electron emission, high-voltage holding, laser irradiation of surfaces, vacuum or discharge breakdown, but also for academic researchers and professionals in the field of accelerators and solid state physics with an interest in this highly topical area.

This book gathers peer-reviewed contributions presented at the 5th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials (ICBBM), held in Vienna, Austria, on June 21-23, 2023. Focusing on bio-based building materials (3BM) as well as their applications in sustainable building constructions, the contributions highlight the latest findings in this fast-growing field, addressing topics such as natural fibres- and aggregates, ramped earth, innovative hybrid composites based on bio-based ingredients, novel sustainable binders, energy efficiency aspects- and life cycle analysis of these materials.

This book discusses possibilities and perspectives for designing and practical realization of novel intensive gamma-ray crystal-based light sources that can be constructed through exposure of oriented crystals-linear, bent and periodically bent, to beams of ultrarelativistic positrons and electrons.The book shows case studies like the tunable light sources based on periodically bent crystals that can be designed with the state-of-the-art beam facilities. A special focus is given to the analysis of generation of the gamma rays because the current technologies based on particle motion in the magnetic field become inefficient or incapable to achieve the desired gamma rays' intensities. It is demonstrated that the intensity of radiation from crystal-based light sources can be made comparable to or even higher than what is achievable in conventional synchrotrons and undulators operating although in the much lower photon energy range. By exploring the coherence effects, the intensity can be boosted by orders of magnitude. The practical realization of such novel light sources will lead to the significant technological breakthroughs and societal impacts similar to those created earlier by the developments of lasers, synchrotrons and X-rays free-electron lasers.Readers learn about the underlying fundamental physics and familiarize with the theoretical, experimental and technological advances made during last two decades in exploring various features of investigations into crystal-based light sources. This research draws upon knowledge from many research fields, such as material science, beam physics, physics of radiation, solid-state physics and acoustics, to name but a few. The authors provide a useful introduction in this emerging field to a broad readership of researchers and scientists with various backgrounds and, accordingly, make the book as self-contained as possible.

This book is a compilation of scientific articles written by recognized researchers, and select students, participating in the Second Conference on the Study of Complex Systems and their Applications (EDIESCA 2021). EDIESCA 2021 arose from the need for academic and research groups that carry out this scientific research to disseminate their results internationally. The study and characterization of systems with non-linear and/or chaotic behavior has been of great interest to researchers around the world, for which many important results have been obtained with various applications. The dynamic study of chaotic oscillators of different models, such as Rossler, Lorenz, and Chua, has generated important advances in understanding of chemical reactions, meteorological behavior, design of electronic devices, and other applications. Topics at the event included applications for communications systems by masking techniques, financial behavior, networks analysis, nonlinear lasers, numerical modeling, electronic design, and other interesting topics in the area of complex systems. Additionally, there are results on numerical simulation and electronic designs to generate complex dynamic behaviors.

This book presents advances in the field of rare-earth (R) ¿ transition metal (M) ¿ boron compounds with extensive references. Since titanium and scandium do not form compounds with rare-earths, the Sc/Ti-M-B series are additionally presented. In each chapter the crystal structures, the complex physical properties as determined from neutron diffraction, magnetic measurements, resonance studies, transport properties and band structure calculations are critical analyzed. The models used in describing the experimental evidence are also presented. Tables with the main properties of the R-M-B compounds are given and representative data are illustrated in figures. In this way, the book provides state-of-the art knowledge and a valuable analysis of up-to-date results in the field. The technical applications, as permanent magnets, thermoelectric and magnetocaloric devices, hydrogen storage are also highlighted along with the authors insights into future directions in the field. The book is ofinterest for scientists involved in the development of the field as well as those working in the technical uses of rare-earth compounds.

The nonlinear optical spectrum signal technology is a new type of optical characterization technology owing to its non-invasiveness and good biocompatibility. This book highlights a comprehensive introduction to the Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS), Two-photon Excited Fluorescence (TPEF) and Second Harmonic Generation signals (SHG) technologies. The four types of nonlinear optical signals technologies, especially two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging, have great application potential in physics, materials science, chemistry and biomedicine. The book covers principles, theoretical calculation methods, signal measurement methods and imaging specific methods. The theoretical part starts from the basics of nonlinear optics and the relationship with strong light, and gradually transitions to theoretical calculation methods for specific optical signals. it combines the classical theory and the quantum theory to help readers develop a thorough understanding of the technologies. The book is a good reference for graduate students majored in physics and chemistry and for researchers working on optics, photonics and materials science.

Keep up-to-date with the latest on adhesion and adhesives from an expert group of worldwide authors. The book series Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives was conceived as an annual publication and the premier volume made its debut in 2015. The series has been well-received as it is unique in providing substantive and curated review chapters on subjects that touch many disciplines. Peer-reviewed and edited by Dr. Mittal, the individual chapter reviews have become a trusted source of quality information. The current book contains eight commissioned chapters and cover topics including stress distribution and design analysis of adhesively bonded tubular composite joints; durability of structural adhesive joints; mechanical surface treatment of adherends for adhesive bonding; surface modification of polymer materials by excimer UV light; corona discharge treatment of materials to enhance adhesion; adhesion activation of aramid fibers; dual-cured hydrogels for bioadhesives and biomedical applications; and non-adhesive SLIPS-like surfaces. Audience This book will be valuable and useful to adhesionists and adhesive technologists, polymer scientists, materials scientists as well as those involved/interested in adhesive bonding, packaging, printing, modification of polymer surfaces, biomedical applications, and non-adhesive and omniphobic surfaces.

This detailed book compiles a series of laboratory protocols covering the most important aspects of R-loop biology. Beginning with a range of methods allowing for the detection of DNA-RNA hybrids, as well as their purification and visualization by electron microscopy, the volume continues with methods based on the use of RNase H-derived tools to detect DNA-RNA hybrids in vitro and in vivo. Several protocols permit studying non-canonical RNA nucleotides in the R-loop context, as well as a number of specific protocols devoted to the investigation of R-loop topology and their functional roles in the biology of mitochondria and telomeres. Finally, a large block of chapters is dedicated to different methods allowing genome-wide mapping of DNA-RNA hybrids in various organisms. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, R-Loops: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal resource for those working on R-loop homeostasis but also to scientists studying such areas of molecular and cell biology as genome integrity, DNA replication and repair, chromatin remodeling, transcription, RNA processing, modification and export, as well as for researchers elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cancer and genetic diseases.

Specialty Optical Fibers: Materials, Fabrication Technology, and Applications reviews theoretical and experimental photonic research relevant to the synthesis, processing, characterization, modeling, physical features, and applications of Specialty Optical Fibers (SOFs) with significant technological impact potential. All fiber-based advanced photonics device components rely on specialty optical fibers, which have either a unique waveguide structure or a novel material composition. High power optical amplifiers, high power fiber, and novel fabrication techniques for optical fiber design have enabled significant technological advances. The book provides discussion on these applications, including current research directions, future opportunities, and remaining challenges. It is suitable for researchers in academia and practitioners in R&D working in materials science, electrical engineering, and fiber optics.

Materials for Electronics Security and Assurance reviews the properties of materials that could enable devices that are resistant to tampering and manipulation. The book discusses recent advances in materials synthesis and characterization techniques for security applications. Topics addressed include anti-reverse engineering, detection, prevention, track and trace, fingerprinting, obfuscation, and how materials could enable these security solutions. The book introduces opportunities and challenges and provides a clear direction of the requirements for material-based solutions to address electronics security challenges. It is suitable for materials scientists and engineers who seek to enable future research directions, current computer and hardware security engineers who want to enable materials selection, and as a way to inspire cross-collaboration between both communities.

Structural Health Monitoring/Management (SHM) in Aerospace Structures provides readers with the spectacular progress that has taken place over the last twenty years with respect to the area of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Management. The SHM field encompasses transdisciplinary areas, including smart materials, sensors and actuators, damage diagnosis and prognosis, signal and image processing algorithms, wireless intelligent sensing, data fusion, and energy harvesting. This book focuses on how SHM techniques can be applied to aircraft, mechanical and civil engineering structures with particular emphasis on composite materials. This will be a valuable reference resource for R&D managers, materials scientists, and engineers working in the aerospace sector, for researchers and system designers working in industry, and for academia and government research agencies developing new systems for the SHM of aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineering structures.

Design, Characterization and Fabrication of Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering covers core elements of scaffold design, from properties and characterization of polymeric scaffolds to fabrication techniques and the structure-property relationship. Particular attention is given to the cell-scaffold interaction at the molecular level, helping the reader understand and adapt scaffold design to improve biocompatibility and function. The book goes on to discuss a range of tissue engineering applications for polymeric scaffolds, including bone, nerve, cardiac and fibroblast tissue engineering. This is an important, interdisciplinary work of relevance to materials scientists, polymer scientists, biomedical engineers, and those working regenerative medicine.

Amongst thermoplastic biodegradable polymers, polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely used in many different applications but it still has limited use in various industrial sectors such as medical, packaging, textile, water, and wastewater treatment. To increase the use of these materials more information is needed on their properties, characterization, processing, safety, and sustainability. Natural Fibre-Reinforced PLA Composites: Processing, Characterization and Applications reviews the thermal, physico-chemical, fire retardant, mechanical, tribological, biodegradable and anti-microbial properties of these materials. Fabrication of PLA biocomposites using advanced fabrication techniques like additive manufacturing and electrospinning are also discussed in detail. The book will be a valuable reference for academic and industrial researchers, materials scientists and engineers working in the development of polymers, bioplastics, polymer composites and biocomposites as well as industrial manufacturers.

This book provides critical insights into the properties and applications of melt-blown fibers in the polymer composite field. The book offers a comprehensive overview of the melt-blowing process and explores the intricate structure-property-parameter relationship of melt-blown fibers. In addition, the book presents a straightforward method for manufacturing multiscale Polypropylene single-polymer composites and carbon-nanotube-doped Polypropylene melt-blown fibers.

This engaging and accessible book is designed as a quick and easy way to get up to speed on all things in space technology. It also offers extensive references and links that allow readers to delve deeper into the subject.Whether you were a newcomer to space technology or a seasoned professional, this book is the best way to brush up on the basics of everything from satellite design and construction to the physics behind objects orbiting celestial bodies.Written in an accessible tone that is easy to understand, this book is perfect for reading during a short flight or any other spare moment you might have. You can learn about the main laws of Physics behind objects in orbit, the environments that satellites face while in space, and the processes involved in designing and building these incredible machines. Along the way, you can also get a glimpse into the history of space technology, including the foundational technologies that have made it all possible. So why not join the community of space enthusiasts and get up to speed on everything you need to know about space technology?

This book gathers the latest advances, innovations and applications in the field of historic mortars and masonry structures conservation and restoration, as presented by international researchers and professionals at the 6th Historic Mortars Conference (HMC), held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, on September 21¿23, 2022. It covers topics such as characterization of historic mortars and masonry structures¿sampling and test methods; historic production, processing and application of mortars, renders and grouts; assessment of historic renders and plasters; conservation and preventing conservation case studies; repair mortars and grouts¿requirements and design, compatibility issues, durability and effectiveness and adequacy of testing procedures. Special attention is given to historic mortars where one of the binders or the only binder is Portland cement and to the structures in which these materials are used. The contributions, which were selected through a rigorous international peer-review process, share new knowledge and exciting ideas that will help protect heritage buildings more efficiently and foster new multidisciplinary collaborations in this area.Chapter Performance Evaluation of Patch Repairs on Historic Concrete Structures (PEPS): An Overview of the Assessment Methodology is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book offers a unique treatment of building insulating products and the integration of these products with building components. This book was written for all those involved in building design, specification, construction, and commissioning, providing them with an understanding of and appreciation for the wide variety of thermal insulation products and technologies available for use in all types of buildings. The book proceeds from basic definitions and discussion of heat-transfer topics and thermal insulation concepts, to the design and use of these products. The impact of thermal insulation on dynamic building performance, including factors other than heating and cooling, is also discussed.The book does not require an advanced mathematical background. The authors provide sufficient information to provide a qualitative understanding, with more mathematical sections included for those interested in modeling and analysis. The basic physics associated with heat transfer in buildings are presented, along with the steady-state and transient analysis techniques needed for the effective implementation of thermal insulation and assemblies.Modern building design involves the integration of comfort, safety, economics, durability and cost considerations, all of which impact the selection and use of thermal insulation materials in buildings. In addition to theoretical explanations of the underlying science, the book details the properties and application of new thermal insulation materials, including vacuum panels, gas-filled panels, aerogels, phase-change materials, and radiation control technologies.Given its scope, the book will be of interest to researchers and building engineers wishing to understand the latest technologies and materials available, so as to achieve reduced energy consumption in commercial and residential buildings.

This book gathers the peer-reviewed selected papers presented at the 3rd International Conference on Testing and Experimentation in Civil Engineering (TEST&E 2022), held in Almada, Portugal, on June 21-23, 2022. It showcases the role of smart technologies in all civil engineering areas, such as structures and construction, geotechnics and natural resources, hydraulics and water resources, transportation and communication networks. The conference topics encompass big data and advanced data processing systems, AI applications, virtual and augmented reality, 3D modeling and printing, digital twins, automation, sensing and detection technologies, inspection, monitoring and automatic damage identification, destructive and non-destructive testing, bio, nano and new materials, disaster risk reduction and emergency management. As such the book represents an invaluable, up-to-the-minute tool, and offers an important platform to engineers and architects.