Elektronisk udstyr og materialer

When the Controller Area Network (CAN) was designed, security was not a requirement. The primary usage of CAN was considered closed; possible intruders or attackers would simply not get physical or remote access to the network. However, today it is more and more common that devices connected to a CAN system also have connections to other networks, including the Internet. Recent car hacks have shown that attackers may get access to CAN systems. Without strong security features, an attacker automatically gains full access to everything connected, allowing active control commands to be recorded and replayed. In this book we examine which options developers of CAN based systems realistically can use to provide adequate security features. What can we do - without using heavy-weight security features? What can we do - to detect possibly injected messages? What can we do - without any hardware change? What can we do - with minimal software change? The CANcrypt protocol and software is introduced as a scalable security solution for the Controller Area Network. Free demo examples including C source code can be downloaded from ESAcademy's web pages. www.esacademy.com/cancrypt

The present book collects a broad overview of chemical and physical char- acteristics of silicon oxynitrides. Special emphasis is put on the way in which these properties influence the electrical characteristics and behaviour of this important material. The results presented here were obtained in an ex- tended European research cooperation in the framework of ESPRIT Project 369 'Physical-chemical characterization of silicon oxynitrides in relation to their electrical properties', which ran from 1984 to 1988. In this project two industrial laboratories (Philips Research Laborato- ries in Eindhoven, the Netherlands, and Matra Harris Semiconductors from Nantes, France) cooperated with various academic and government research laboratories (Harwell Laboratory in Great Britain, the Interuniversity Micro- electronics Center (IMEC) in Leuven, Belgium, and the Faculty of Physics at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands). The latter partner acted as prime contractor for the project. General interest in silicon oxynitrides for applications in integrated circuit technology stems from the fact that proper choice of deposition conditions enables one to produce materials with properties which can be either oxide- like or nitride-like. Of, course, in I.C. technology one would like to combine the good properties ofthe two materials, i.e. superior electrical properties of silicon oxide and good diffusion barrier behaviour of silicon nitride, to men- tion only a few, without paying for such an operation by obtaining all the less desirable properties in such a mixed material.

Describes how to build a 'Modern Player Piano' using a Yamaha electronic keyboard and an Arduino microprocessor to activate the keys. This fun and exciting STEM project is designed to teach the basics of music, robots, electronics and computer programming. Any original composition or sheet music can be coded and played by the keyboard.

The Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS) was developed for use by personnel in many electrical- and electronic-related Navy ratings. Written by, and with the advice of, senior technicians in these ratings, this series provides beginners with fundamental electrical and electronic concepts through self-study. The presentation of this series is not oriented to any specific rating structure, but is divided into modules containing related information organized into traditional paths of instruction.

China, the world's leading exporter of electronic products, faces a fundamental dilemma. It is the largest and fastest-growing market for semiconductors, the core component of those electronics products. Yet, at least 80 percent of the semiconductors used in China's electronics products must be imported. As a result, China's trade deficit in semiconductors has more than doubled since 2005 and now exceeds the huge amount it spends on crude oil imports. To correct this unsustainable imbalance, China's new strategy to upgrade its semiconductor industry seeks to move from catching up to forging ahead in semiconductors. The strategy calls for simultaneously strengthening advanced manufacturing and innovation capabilities in China's integrated circuit (IC) design industry and its domestic IC fabrication, primarily through foundry services. Drawing on policy documents and interviews with China-based industry experts, this study takes a close look at the objectives, strategy, and implementation policies of China's new push in semiconductors and examines what this implies for China's prospects in this industry. The study shows that China's new policy resorts to private equity investment rather than subsidy as the tool of industrial policy. The government participates in equity investment and claims it will do so without intervening in management decisions. This policy is expected to reduce the cost of investment funds for a selected group of firms, which is to form a "national team" in the semiconductor industry. China's new policy to upgrade its semiconductor industry through innovation does not represent a radical break with its deeply embedded statist tradition. Within these boundaries, however, the study detects important changes in the direction of a bottom-up, market-led approach to industrial policy. In response to the rising complexity and uncertainty of today's semiconductor industry, the government seems more open to experimentation with new approaches to investment finance and flexible, bottom-up policy implementation, based on multilayered industrial dialogues with private firms. China's policies to forge ahead in semiconductors, thus, provide an interesting example of its current efforts to move from investment-driven catching up to an innovation-driven development model.

Covering the challenges faced by design engineers in microsystems packaging, this book details the variety of materials that can be used as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each. It places emphasis on materials, technologies, and assembly processes and guidelines that are being used in production and are production worthy. The reader is assumed to have general understanding of micromachined concepts and semiconductor fabrication technology.

Characterization of Semiconductor Heterostructures and Nanostructures is structured so that each chapter is devoted to a specific characterization technique used in the understanding of the properties (structural, physical, chemical, electrical etc..) of semiconductor quantum wells and superlattices. An additional chapter is devoted to ab initio modeling. The book has two basic aims. The first is educational, providing the basic concepts of each of the selected techniques with an approach understandable by advanced students in Physics, Chemistry, Material Science, Engineering, Nanotechnology. The second aim is to provide a selected set of examples from the recent literature of the TOP results obtained with the specific technique in understanding the properties of semiconductor heterostructures and nanostructures. Each chapter has this double structure: the first part devoted to explain the basic concepts, and the second to the discussion of the most peculiar and innovative examples. The topic of quantum wells, wires and dots should be seen as a pretext of applying top level characterization techniques in understanding the structural, electronic etc properties of matter at the nanometer (and even sub-nanometer) scale. In this respect it is an essential reference in the much broader, and extremely hot, field of Nanotechnology. Comprehensive collection of the most powerful characterization techniques for semiconductors heterostructures and nanostructures Most of the chapters are authored by scientists that are world-wide among the top-ten in publication ranking of the specific field Each chapter starts with a didactic introduction on the technique The second part of each chapters deals with a selection of top examples highlighting the power of the specific technique to analyse the properties of semiconductors heterostructures and nanostructures

The purpose of book is to outline the basic playing field and challenges at the global planning level, the factory planning level, the dispatch level, and co-ordination between these three levels. We hope to provide a common understanding of these challenges so that academics and companies can collaborate in developing solutions.

This book intends to provide answers to most of the real-time design issues and items to know in the CPU world, while acting as a quick, easy-to-use reference. For fast access, the book is divided into simple sections such as architecture, logic, circuits, layout, verification, testing, tools, and Verilog. The coverage of CPU design is comprehensive, including: processor design flow charts, replacement algorithms, threading techniques, coherency protocols, out of order processes, caches, data protection schemes, benchmarks, electromigration, antenna effect, fixing max and min time, synchronizers, code coverage, monitors, ATPG, BIST, tools, and Verilog concepts. In addition, basic topics and tips are included as well, such as the responsibilities of an architect, ways to save power at the architectural level, and how to take care of noise. Handy for engineers in the workplace, as well as new college graduates, this newly revised and updated edition is an ideal guide. Second edition includes expanded coverage of the IEEE 1800 Standards which were recently approved, as well as stronger emphasis on physical design characteristics.

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 116. Chapters: Musical Instrument Digital Interface, Serial port, I²C, HyperTransport, PCI Express, InfiniBand, Serial access, Serial ATA, IEEE 1394 interface, Controller area network, Serial digital interface, Serial Peripheral Interface Bus, IEEE 1355, UniPro, MIL-STD-1553, CANaerospace, Fieldbus, Local Interconnect Network, Token ring, Synchronous Serial Interface, AS-Interface, EIA-485, COM port redirector, 1-Wire, MIDI 1.0, Current loop, Profibus, UNI/O, ARINC 825, DeviceNet, System Management Bus, MIL-STD-1760, SGPIO, ARINC 818, ARINC 429, MADI, EtherNet/IP, RS-422, RapidIO, Serial communication, I²S, ESATAp, Power Management Bus, List of network buses, ControlNet, VLYNQ, ESATA/USB, Serial Storage Architecture, OCTART 8 channel Communications Processor, Phoenix Contact, EIA-530, RS-423, Frontline Test Equipment, Active State Power Management, ISO 11898, Bus coupler, Ethernet over USB, HIL bus, Common Industrial Protocol, RS-449, Serial Gigabit Media Independent Interface, Peripheral Sensor Interface 5, HOTLink, Multi Point Interface, Serial Input/Output eXchange, MilCAN, Serial over LAN, GMLAN, INTERBUS, CAN BUS Monitor, High-Speed Serial Interface, FlexCAN, Smart Battery Data, Aurora, DebugWIRE, Commercial Standard Digital Bus, Microwire, Gigabit Video Interface, Synchronous Serial Port, HSSL, 9-Pin Protocol, HAVi. Excerpt: MIDI ( ; Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is an industry-standard protocol that enables electronic musical instruments (synthesizers, drum machines), computers and other electronic equipment (MIDI controllers, sound cards, samplers) to communicate and synchronize with each other. Unlike analog devices, MIDI does not transmit an audio signal: it sends event messages about musical notation, pitch and intensity, control signals for parameters such as volume, vibrato and panning, cues, and clock signals to set the tempo. As an electronic protocol, it is notable for its widespread adoption throughout the music industry. MIDI protocol was defined in 1982. All MIDI-compatible controllers, musical instruments, and MIDI-compatible software follow the same MIDI 1.0 specification, and thus interpret any given MIDI message the same way, and so can communicate with and understand each other. MIDI composition and arrangement takes advantage of MIDI 1.0 and General MIDI (GM) technology to allow musical data files to be shared among many different devices due to some incompatibility with various electronic instruments by using a standard, portable set of commands and parameters. Because the music is stored as instructions rather than recorded audio waveforms, the data size of the files is quite small by comparison. By the end of the 1970s, electronic musical devices were becoming increasingly common and affordable. However, devices from different manufacturers were generally not compatible with each other and could not be interconnected. Different interfacing models included analog control voltages at various standards (such as 1 volt per octave, or the logarithmic "hertz per volt"); analog clock, trigger and "gate" signals (both positive "V-trig" and negative "S-trig" varieties, between -15 V to +15 V); and proprietary digital interfaces such as Roland Corporation's DCB (digital control bus), the Oberheim system, and Yamaha's "keycode" system. In the late seventies, Dave Smit

USB is likely the most successful communication interface in the history of computer systems, and is the de-facto standard for connecting computer peripherals.Micri¿m's ¿C/USB-Device is a USB device stack designed specifically for embedded systems. Built from the ground up with Micri¿m's quality, scalability and reliability, it has gone through a rigorous validation process to comply with the USB 2.0 specification.The first part of this book describes the inner-workings of USB using Micri¿m's ¿C/USB-Device stack as a reference. The second part demonstrates how the Renesas YRDKRX63N Demonstration Kit (sold separately) and Micri¿m's ¿C/USB-Device stack can be used as the foundation to build a USB device that relies on a combination of proven hardware and software platforms.Renesas' ultra-low-power RX63N MCU is at the core of the YRDKRX63N board, which incorporates communication functions such as USB 2.0 full-speed (host or device) among others.The examples featured in this book include USB devices with the most basic functionality that will allow you to understand the USB concepts covered in the first part of the book and at the same time, they provide a framework to quickly build devices such as:- USB-to-serial adapter (Communications Device Class)- Mouse or keyboard (Human Interface Device Class)- Removable storage device (Mass Storage Class)- USB medical device (Personal Healthcare Device Class)- Custom device (Vendor Class)

Academic Paper from the year 2019 in the subject Electrotechnology, , language: English, abstract: This paper examines and measures the concentration of the metal oxide gas sensors in determining the ripeness using the ethylene gas in fruits. The preliminary performance of the electronic nose has been demonstrated at the ripening stage of the avocado fruit and is compared to the separation machine. Confusion matrix was used to show the accuracy of the system in detecting ripening stage. This study used the fuzzy logic algorithm to classify and achieve an accuracy rate of 82,5 percent of classifying unripe, ripe, and overripe of the fruits. Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone that naturally occurs in fruits and helps speed up the ripening process. Persea Americana, or Avocado, is a climacteric fruit that does not produce large amounts of ethylene while still attached to the tree. Therefore, it does not ripen until harvested, and thus, its ripeness cannot be determined by the naked eye. Since fruit quality is judged by consumers primarily from their perception of the acceptability of fruits based on characteristics including visual appeal (lack of blemishes, color, size, and texture), relying on such methods is not applicable for Avocado in general. The use of an electronic nose - an intelligent sensing device that can sense aroma more effectively than the human sense of smell - would prove to be useful. It also possesses a non-destructive property, therefore resulting into it being selected to be the ideal digital, electronic device for identifying, characterizing, and grading fruits ripeness. The main objective of this study is to measure ethylene and other metal oxide gases present in determining the ripeness stage of persea americana samples through electronic nose using fuzzy based classification algorithms and to verify the accuracy of results by comparing it to data from human expert graders of fruits. This study categorizes the metal oxide gas present in fruit aroma of the sample and utilizes the use of the fuzzy logic algorithm for the software. The response level of the metal oxide concentration in the fruits sample are classified as unripe, ripe and overripe, which is displayed in GUI as the output.

The IGBT Device: Physics, Design and Applications of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, Second Edition provides the essential information needed by applications engineers to design new products using the device in sectors including consumer, industrial, lighting, transportation, medical and renewable energy. The IGBT device has proven to be a highly important Power Semiconductor, providing the basis for adjustable speed motor drives (used in air conditioning and refrigeration and railway locomotives), electronic ignition systems for gasoline powered motor vehicles and energy-saving compact fluorescent light bulbs. The book presents recent applications in plasma displays (flat-screen TVs) and electric power transmission systems, alternative energy systems and energy storage, but it is also used in all renewable energy generation systems, including solar and wind power. This book is the first available on the applications of the IGBT. It will unlock IGBT for a new generation of engineering applications, making it essential reading for a wide audience of electrical and design engineers, as well as an important publication for semiconductor specialists.

Advances in Electronic Materials for Clean Energy Conversion and Storage Applications reviews green synthesis and fabrication techniques of various electronic materials and their derivatives for applications in photovoltaics. The book investigates recent advances, progress and issues of photovoltaic-based research, including organic, hybrid, dye-sensitized, polymer, and quantum dot-based solar cells. There is a focus on applications for clean energy and storage in the book. Clean energy is defined as energy derived from renewable resources or zero-emission sources and natural processes that are regenerative and sustainable resources such as biomass, geothermal energy, hydropower, solar and wind energy. Materials discussed include nanomaterials, nanocomposites, polymers, and polymer-composites. Advances in clean energy conversion and energy storage devices are also reviewed thoroughly based on recent research and developments such as supercapacitors, batteries etc. Reliable methods to characterize and analyze these materials systems and devices are emphasized throughout the book. Important information on synthesis and analytical chemistry of these important systems are reviewed, but also material science methods to investigate optical properties of carbon-nanomaterials, metal oxide nanomaterials and their nanocomposites.

Nanotechnology-based E-Noses reviews advances in nanomaterials and their modification for use in e-sensors. "E-noses" or "electronic sensors" are emerging as advanced technologies for the fast detection of chemicals, gases, and explosives. The concept behind the "e-nose" is similar to the capability of humans and dogs in detecting materials based on odors. Nanomaterials can be used for e-nose technologies but their properties must be modified to make them effective sensors. The sensing capability and performance of these materials depend on several factors, such as morphology, dopants, microadditives, design of sensors, phase, and structure of the nanomaterials. Theoretical understanding of nanomaterials and technologies for improving sensors with better detection limits are covered. The most relevant nanomaterials, their synthesis strategies, and the relationship between properties and device performance are provided. Current state-of-the-art progress in nanotechnology device fabrication along with directions for future applications and challenges are discussed.

The 4th edition of this highly successful textbook features copious material for a complete upper-level undergraduate or graduate course, guiding readers to the point where they can choose a specialized topic and begin supervised research. The textbook provides an integrated approach beginning from the essential principles of solid-state and semiconductor physics to their use in various classic and modern semiconductor devices for applications in electronics and photonics. The text highlights many practical aspects of semiconductors: alloys, strain, heterostructures, nanostructures, amorphous semiconductors, and noise, which are essential aspects of modern semiconductor research but often omitted in other textbooks. This textbook also covers advanced topics, such as Bragg mirrors, resonators, polarized and magnetic semiconductors, nanowires, quantum dots, multi-junction solar cells, thin film transistors, and transparent conductive oxides. The 4th edition includes many updates andchapters on 2D materials and aspects of topology. The text derives explicit formulas for many results to facilitate a better understanding of the topics. Having evolved from a highly regarded two-semester course on the topic, The Physics of Semiconductors requires little or no prior knowledge of solid-state physics. More than 2100 references guide the reader to historic and current literature including original papers, review articles and topical books, providing a go-to point of reference for experienced researchers as well.