Bygningskonstruktion og byggematerialer

This textbook has been written for the engineering students. This textbook covers the essentials of solid mechanics with reference to basic load-bearing members¿straight bars, thin-walled cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels, circular shafts, beams undergoing simple bending, and columns. It concisely elucidates the corresponding fundamental assumptions, important equations, and their range of validity without formal derivations. Subsequently, this textbook contains several carefully selected examples to illustrate sequence of steps in the analysis of forces, stresses and displacements, or stability. It further deals with combined loading, stress and strain transformations, energy methods, and failure analysis using commonly employed criteria. This textbook is a handy, yet complete, resource for graduate and postgraduate engineering students. It will also be a ready reference for a practicing engineers or graduate students preparing for an interview or a competitive examination.

This book comprises select proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Civil Engineering (RACE 2022). The contents of this book focus on the recent advancements and innovations in the field of civil engineering and various related areas such as design and development of new sustainable and smart building materials, performance analysis and simulation of steel structures, design and performance optimization of concrete structures, structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, water resources engineering and hydraulics, transportation and bridge engineering, building services design, surveying and remote sensing, engineering management and renewable energy. This book serves as a useful reference to researchers and professionals in the field of civil engineering.

This book gathers selected contributions in the field of civil and construction engineering, as presented by international researchers and engineers at the 3rd International Scientific Conference on Socio-Technical Construction and Civil Engineering (STCCE), held in Kazan, Russia on April 21-29 2022. The book covers a wide range of topics including building constructions and structures, bridges, roads and tunnels, building materials and products, energy efficiency and thermal protection of buildings, ventilation, air conditioning, gas supply and lighting in buildings, innovative and smart technologies in construction, transport system development. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaborations.

The textbook at hand offers an introduction to Finite Element Methods from an engineering point of view comprising the basic principles of virtual work, derivations of displacement-based, mixed and hybrid element formulations for 1-D and 2-D membrane as well as bending structures and heat conduction. Different element geometries, including triangular elements and the isoparametric concept, and related numerical integration schemes, are presented. The element matrices and load vectors are derived in detail, the assembly at the system level is discussed with respect to fulfillment of boundary conditions and numerical efficiency. Evaluation of errors and investigations concerning the quality of the elements complete the work flow.

This book provides an overview of the initiation of combustion processes of polymeric materials. It presents physicochemical processes associated with heating as well as numerical methods for initiation parameter calculation. In addition, the book describes thermal degradation of polymers and the effect of an incident heat flux on initiation time. It then highlights the most commonly used devices for measuring the time to ignition using external heat sources. The target group of this book are scientists and researchers dealing with materials combustion and also graduates and practitioners focused on fire protection.

In this basic textbook, prospective architects, urban and landscape planners receive assistance in working on urban development projects and designs. This edition has been expanded by two chapters on informal urban planning and regional urban development. The contents presented and their preparation are based on the design process in practice and embed it in a theoretical framework of necessary background knowledge. As an introduction, an overview of the understanding of the city, of urban structures and the laws governing them is given. In order to make the multi-layered structure of the city more comprehensible, it is broken down into different layers and building blocks. The approach to urban design is described using the "e;layer method"e; in the form of successive phases. Examples of urban development projects and competitions illustrate the individual design steps. 

Contents have been created by stabilizing into entry a diverse amount of intelligence forming core, to which was/is able to process entire categories into conformity to structural powers. Therein, the control room (communications), being together in template form representative of (most) known/classic subject matter, binding: sanctuary as resources/reference, and investigative as references/resources.By converting contents into applicability to your subject of proficiency, you are able to use a guideline mapping, coordination, an overall strategic embodiment, enabling potentially the creation of an AI securities with display-room-control center.

This book gathers the best peer-reviewed papers presented at the Italian Concrete Conference, held in Naples, Italy, on October 12-15, 2022. The conference topics encompass the aspects of design, execution, rehabilitation, and control of concrete structures, with particular reference to theory and modeling, applications and realizations, materials and investigations, technology, and construction techniques. The contributions amply demonstrate that today¿s structural concrete applications concern not only new constructions, but more and more rehabilitation, conservation, strengthening, and seismic upgrading of existing premises, and that requirements cover new aspects within the frame of sustainability, including environmental friendliness, durability, adaptability, and reuse of works and/or materials. As such, the book represents an invaluable, up-to-the-minute tool, providing an essential overview of structural concrete, as well as all new materials with cementitious matrices.

This book discusses the behaviour of isolated concrete bottle-shaped struts affected by internal expansion reactions (ISR). For that purpose, the numerical modelling of damaged concrete was performed using the Concrete Damaged Plasticity Model (CDPM) implemented in ABAQUS and validated the model through Sankovich's tests. A procedure to automatically obtain the concrete plasticity and damage parameters, essential for CDPM, was developed in Matlab. The inputs were the characteristic compressive strength of the concrete, the equivalent length of the finite element mesh and the ratio between the plastic and inelastic compressive strains. The results showed that the CDPM could represent the load-bearing mechanisms of isolated concrete bottle-shaped struts for a range of several stress levels to which these elements may be subjected in the panels investigated. The numerical simulations for different expansion levels consistently captured the expected damage profile of the panels and the load corresponding to the formation of the first crack, the estimated crack opening, and the ultimate load. For the panels investigated, the reduction observed in the failure load reached values close to 70%, the increase of the tensile plastic deformation was more than 60%, and the maximum crack opening can reach an increase of 113% when compared with those observed experimentally in panels without internal swelling reactions The book also offers a systematic review of the current state of knowledge and it is a valuable resource for scientists, students, practitioners, and lecturers in various scientific and engineering disciplines, namely, civil and materials engineering, as well as and other interested parties.

SPONSORED BY THE NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF COVERED BRIDGESTheodore Burr (1771-1822) was the most prominent of America's three early nineteenth century timber bridge-building pioneers, the others being Timothy Palmer (1751-1821) and Lewis Wernwag (1769-1843). All three built superlative long-span timber bridges in the Northeast.A transplant from northwestern Connecticut, Theodore Burr moved to Oxford, New York in 1792-1793. In less than thirty years, he erected timber bridges over major rivers-the Hudson, Schoharie, Mohawk, Delaware, Potomac, and Susquehanna rivers-in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, District of Columbia, and Maryland.In addition to being the first full study of the most prominent timber bridge builder-Theodore Burr-that links him to other bridge builders, this book narrates the significant role of covered timber bridges and associated turnpikes in the westward expansion of the new nation, a subject never before written about. The book should help refocus scholarship on advances in transportation infrastructure during one of the most important periods in American history-the early 19th century. Based on archival research with newly discovered primary source materials, the book is richly illustrated more than 200 lithographs, paintings, and both historic and modern photographs, most of which have never been published before.Anyone today who has visited America's covered bridges and examined the structural features within is likely familiar with the variant forms of Burr's 1817 patented "Burr arch-truss" design- a multiple kingpost truss with an added segmented timber arch. Of the more than 1100 timber bridges using Burr's design that were erected over the past two hundred years, more than a hundred still stand in Pennsylvania, Indiana, New York, and other states.Burr claimed to have built forty-five bridges. These however were not like the ordinary covered bridges commonly seen today that are identified with his patent but include some of the most challenging and superlative bridges in American history.Despite Burr's herculean efforts, part of his legacy sadly includes an obscure and ignominious demise in 1822 at the age of 51, possibly by then penniless and without even an obituary lauding his work. He was buried in an unknown grave. Burr deserved better. This book is strongly supported by the National Society for the Preservation of Covered Bridges whose purpose is "To preserve covered bridges. To gather and record knowledge of the history of covered bridges. To collect and preserve pictures, printed, and manuscript matter and other articles of historical interest concerning covered bridges." https: //www.coveredbridgesociety.org/

This book covers the physical metallurgy of steels as well as the heat treatments used to improve the their properties. A full chapter is dedicated to the atmospheres in the steelmaking, including the implications of the own gases generated in the iron and steelmaking factories and how they could be applied in these treatments. This book is specially conceived for graduate and undergraduate courses, being the result of more than 30 years of teaching experience in courses for undergraduate, graduate (master and Ph. D.), and companies (technicians). The trends in the re-utilization of industrial gases in the iron and steelmaking process are discussed by the authors. Additionally, the book comprises 41 solved exercises, problems and case-studies, as a complement of the theoretical sections of the text. These exercises, problems, and case-studies are based on problems observed in the industrial practice.

This book expounds on the related technologies of intelligent transportation infrastructure construction. Based on the essential characteristics of intelligent construction, "e;perception, analysis, decision-making, and execution,"e; the basic structure of intelligent construction technology (ICT) is established. With the integration of engineering construction technologies, the analyses of the essence of intelligent algorithms and the feasibility of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are provided. The book introduces the essential characteristics of Big Data and the Internet of Things and their relationship with engineering construction. On this basis, the feasibility and implementation plan of intelligent technology applications in design, construction, and maintenance are analyzed and demonstrated with engineering examples. The book also combines ICT with intelligent construction talent training, the professional knowledge required for intelligent construction, and the theoretical basis to provide the methods for mastering new technologies. This book can be used by technical personnel in related fields such as highways, railways, airports, and urban road construction to understand and master innovative, intelligent construction technologies. It can also be a reference book for ICT-related college courses.