Cobblestone Pavement Training Manual - John Adamba - Bog

Roads and infrastructure will be faced with multiple changes over the coming decades ¿ challenges that in many ways bear little resemblance to those previously faced and as such will require new approaches. The major objective of this abstract is to transform the way road infrastructure is conceived and constructed as a key part of assisting society to respond to climatic changes and reduce other environmental pressures. Concrete asphalt possess a challenge of environment pollution by producing gases that contribute to the effect of global warming. Concrete creates hard surfaces which contribute to surface run-off that cause soil erosion, water pollution and flooding. The surface-runoff of water tend to pick up gasoline, motor oil, heavy metals, trash and other pollutants. Asphalt darkened nature also contribute to Urban heat island. Urban heat island is a city or a metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than in surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The temperature difference is usually larger at night than during the day. The main cause of urban heat island is from the modification of land surfaces which use materials that effectively store short-wave radiation.