Folkeret

Am 1. Januar 2023 ist das Lieferkettensorgfaltspflichtengesetz in Kraft getreten. Es soll die Einhaltung menschenrechtlicher und umweltbezogener Standards in globalen Lieferketten sicherstellen. Inländische Mutterunternehmen oder Hauptabnehmer von im Ausland produzierter Ware sollen für Verletzungen international erwarteter Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltstandards eine Mitverantwortung tragen. In diesem Kontext suchen Geschädigte vermehrt Rechtsschutz vor europäischen Gerichten. Auch in Deutschland werden zunehmend Klagen wegen Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch ausländische Tochterunternehmen oder Zulieferer erhoben. Diese richten sich zum einen gegen das inländische Mutterunternehmen oder den inländischen Hauptabnehmer, zum anderen gegen das ausländische Tochterunternehmen oder den ausländischen Zulieferer. Die Autorin untersucht die im Rahmen internationaler Menschenrechtsklagen auftretenden Fragen des Zugangs zu Gericht und der internationalen Zuständigkeit, die sich im Schnittfeld von internationalem Verfahrensrecht einerseits und Grund- und Menschenrechten andererseits bewegen.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen Überblick über das Verhältnis von Antidiskriminierungsrecht und Kündigungsschutzrecht zu geben und hierbei vor allem das deutsche das türkische Recht in den Blick zu nehmen. Dazu werden zunächst die theoretischen Grundlagen dargestellt, indem die Entwicklung, Ziele und Kritikpunkte des Antidiskriminierungs- und des Kündigungsschutzrechts analysiert werden. Es folgt eine Untersuchung des internationalen und supranationalen Arbeitsrechts im Hinblick auf den Schutz vor diskriminierenden Arbeitgeberkündigungen. Den Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bilden der Vergleich der Rechtsordnungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Republik der Türkei in Bezug auf das Antidiskriminierungs- und das Kündigungsschutzrecht sowie die spannungsreiche Wechselbeziehung der beiden Rechtsgebiiete, zu der es bei diskriminierenden Kündigungen kommt.

This is an Open Access book.Amid the growing debate about models of judicial governance and their relationship to democratic quality, this book offers a systematic and empirical study of this relationship. The book thereby contributes to filling in this gap for the European continent. Taking an interdisciplinary politics and law perspective, and combining empirical and theoretical considerations, the book addresses the important link between democracy and judicial governance. In particular, it provides for three interconnected contributions. First, the book provides for a comprehensive classification of European countries into different models of judicial governance. Second, the book analyses empirically the relationship between the design of judicial governance and the quality of democracy. Third, building on those findings, the book presents policy reflections for the reform and improvement of mechanisms for judicial governance in European countries.The book seeks to refine our knowledge about the relationship between judicial governance and democracy, making an important academic and social contribution. In an era in which many democracies backslide and deconsolidate, it assesses to what extent existing mechanisms for judicial governance have contributed to the stability and quality of democratic systems in which they are implemented. Furthermore, the book puts forward reflections to improve the role of organs for judicial governance in fostering the quality of democracy. Since the book introduces in an accessible form key concepts of Judicial Governance, it will be of interest for the general public as well as academics and students in the fields of Law and Political Science. The book also addresses policy makers, as based on our empirical knowledge about the interaction judicial governance and democracy it puts forward ideas for a design of judicial governance that is more capable of protecting democratic systems of government.

This book aims to analyze from a multidisciplinary perspective the current geopolitical conflict between East and West, between two differentiated and apparently conflicting cosmogonic visions. The geopolitical evolution of the current panorama seems to lead to a new world in the field of international relations, a new board played on a planetary level. Once again, bloc geopolitics can be glimpsed in the immediate future, in which the most important actors such as Russia, China, the United States of America, and the European Union are called to position themselves with respect to the territorial and strategic ambitions of the opponent. International law seems to be overwhelmed by military actions and factual pressure on the ground, while the battle of ideas extends to the technological field and cyberspace. The different origins of the authors, with extensive academic, military, police forces, and business experience undoubtedly enriches the unique perspective that this work intendsto address, always in the attempt to enforce international law and the channels of dialogue between nations, such as the best solution to conflicts.

Climate change is modifying, in varying measure, the coastal geography of States. The phenomenon is not temporary but is expected to carry on during the 21st century and beyond.

This collection shares the authors' discomfort with the present legal order and some of its institutions and courts, and dives into either a corrective or a profound reimagination of these, so that they can better address rising global challenges. Leading experts in their areas present their new and cutting-edge perspectives.

This book aims to prospectively conjecture about what the coming decades may hold for human rights. The authors in this volume discern where current trends are likely to lead and try to make sense of the future they herald. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Nordic Journal of Human Rights.

Current advancements in civil rights and environmental activism emphasize the crucial importance of making environmental information widely available to the public, regardless of whether it is in the hands of the government or of corporations.

This book grapples with the challenges inherent in an uncertain period for global human rights and explores the future of international human rights law and practice. It was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Human Rights.

This book reflects on constitutional balancing from the perspective of fundamental labour rights. It reviews the theoretical debates on judicial balancing and the approaches adopted by the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights, to proceed with a closer assessment of Italian and Spanish judicial traditions.

Forced Mobility of EU Citizens is a critical evaluation from an empirical perspective of existing practices of the use of transnational criminal justice instruments within the European Union. Such instruments include the European Arrest Warrant (EAW), prisoner transfer procedures and criminal law-related deportations.The voices and experiences of people transferred across internal borders of the European Union are brought to the fore in this book. Another area explored is the scope and value of EU citizenship rights in light of cooperation not just between judicial authorities of EU Member States, but criminal justice systems in general, including penitentiary institutions. The novelty of the book lays not only in the fact that it brings to the fore a topic that so far has been under-researched, but it also brings together academics and studies from different parts of Europe - from the west (i.e. the expelling countries) and the east (the receiving countries, with a special focus on two of the jurisdictions most affected by these processes - Poland and Romania). It therefore exposes processes that have so far been hidden, shows the links between sending and receiving countries, and elaborates on the harms caused by those instruments and the very idea of 'justice' behind them. This book also introduces a new element to deportation studies as it links to them the institution of the European Arrest Warrant and EU law transfers targeting prisoners and sentenced individuals.With a combination of legal, criminological, and sociological perspectives, this book will be of great interest to scholars and students with an interest in EU law, criminal law, transnational criminal justice, migration/immigration, and citizenship.

This book addresses the issue of the timing of transitional justice policies in countries that had negotiated transitions from authoritarianism to democracy.Why are transitional justice measures often being implemented decades after the events they refer to? More specifically, what combination of factors leads to the implementation of transitional justice policies at certain moments in time? And, what explains countries' different choices and trajectories? To address these questions, this book pursues a comparative analysis of three cases: comparing a case of 'robust' implementation of transitional justice measures (Uruguay), a case where only victim-centered measures were approved (Spain), and a case that sits in between these two (Brazil). Through an in-depth empirical analysis of these specific country-cases, and focusing on seven different transitional justice initiatives, the book identifies the determinants behind delayed transitional justice policies and explains why such policies are more robust in some settings than in others. In doing so, it provides a holistic account of post-transitional justice outcomes, offering more general conclusions and insights about the study of the drivers of transitional justice.This book will appeal to scholars and students of transitional justice in politics, law, and sociology, as well as to policymakers involved in the implementation and administration of transitional justice measures.

This collection presents a unique and diverse range of contributions on challenges faced by criminal justice in England and Wales in the wake of the Covid-19 global pandemic.The book brings together leading experts to examine the impact of the pandemic on policing and criminal procedure, prisons, and the post-conviction stage of the system. The work further explores the lessons that may be learned and explores the relevance of these lessons for the wider criminal justice system. The reader will gain substantial insight into contemporary challenges in these areas, through original analysis and argument. The experience of England and Wales during the pandemic will also be of interest to the wider international community who will have encountered many of the issues raised in this collection.The book will be essential reading for researchers, academics, and policymakers involved in criminal justice.

This book offers insights into the legal mechanisms that are adopted in multilevel constitutional orders to accommodate the tension between contrasting interests of diversity and unity and the converging or diverging effects they may have on the functioning of a multilevel constitutional order.

The Holy Places of Jerusalem's Old City are among the most contested sites in the world and the 'ground zero' of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Tensions regarding control are rooted in misperceptions over the status of the sites, the role of external bodies such as religious organizations and civil society, and misunderstanding regarding the political roles of the many actors associated with the sites. In this volume, Marshall J. Breger and Leonard M. Hammer clarify a complex and fraught situation by providing insight into the laws and rules pertaining to Jerusalem's holy sites. Providing a compendium of important legal sources and broad-form policy analysis, they show how laws pertaining to Holy Places have been implemented and engaged. The book weaves aspects of history, politics, and religion that have played a role in creation and identification of the 'law.' It also offers solutions for solving some of the central challenges related to the creation, control, and use of Holy Places in Jerusalem.

Drones, like any new technology, give rise to many challenges that require discussion and solutions. Their integration with the manned aviation system is one of the most important challenges for the future of aviation and requires the development of regulations regulating related issues to their use. As part of the monograph, the current safety regulations in civil aviation were analyzed in terms of assessing their application to drone opera-tions and analyzing of all those issues that should be taken into account when creating legal regulations for the use of drones. In addition, an in-depth analysis of issues such as the protection of the right to privacy, protection of property rights, liability for damage caused by drones, liability insurance was made.

This proceedings volume combines chapters derived from papers presented at the 4th and 5th Annual Conferences on the Future of the Commercial Contract in Scholarship and Law Reform. This ongoing research project brings together scholars from all over the world at an annual international conference in London. The book focusses on technology in commercial contract law as well as on sustainability in commercial contracts. The latter theme was inspired by the United Nations' climate conference that was to take place in Glasgow in the United Kingdom that same year. The book combines topical current issues in commercial contract law and practice organized in three parts. The first part contains contributions to the area of law and technology. The second part of the book expands on aspects of sustainability understood as environmental reasonableness in the context of commercial contracts. The third part includes several chapters on the topics of supervening events and contractual ethics. Thisbook is therefore part of a coherent line of contributions to the furthering of modern contract theory. The choice of topics is closely following current issues of legal policy and contract practice.

Invasionen af Ukraine rejser endnu engang spørgsmålet om, hvad det vil sige at være sikker. Kan ’sikkerhed’ løsrives fra klasser, magtrelationer, ulighed, udbytning og de klimaforandringer, der på diabolsk facon opsummerer hele den kapitalistiske verdensorden, der nu er i opbrud? Den vestlige kapitalistiske verdensordens opretholdelse først og fremmest af NATO, men NATO-landene har i årenes løb givet sig selv mandat til at udvide operationsområdet, både kvantitativt- geografisk (Afrika, Mellemøsten, Det indiske Ocean, Stillehavet) og nu også kvalitativt i form af klimaforandringerne og de folkevandringer, de vil give anledning til – ofrene bliver til sikkerhedsproblemer.Der hersker på den europæiske venstrefløj efter Ruslands invasion af Ukraine endog meget modstridende opfattelser af den sikkerhedspolitiske udvikling i Europa efter Murens fald og dermed også af Ukraine-krigens karakter. Redaktionen af denne bog er ingen undtagelse, men vi forsøger at redegøre for det, vi opfatter som to hovedsynspunkter under overskrifterne ’Ukraine har ret til selvbestemmelse og til at forsvare sig’ og ’Stop krigen omgående’.Fordi bogen forsøger at give et i videste forstand ’dansk’ perspektiv, så har Rigsfællesskabet naturligvis en fremtrædende plads for alle tre rigsdele har strategisk betydning, og hvor især Grønlands betydning har ændret sig.Invasionen af Ukraine har stillet venstrefløjen overfor spørgsmål, den ikke kan undgå at svare på: Hvordan ser det venstreorienterede og socialistiske bud på en troværdig sikkerhedspolitik ud? Denne bog kan ikke give færdige svar, men kan forhåbentligt med sine bud på en sikkerhedspolitik, sine faktuelle oplysninger og sin dokumentation kvalificere den nødvendige debat og eftertanke på venstrefløjen.

This book examines the interplay between cooperation on technical barriers to trade (TBT) in free trade agreements and the multilateral framework of the World Trade Organization. In recent years, TBT, especially differences in standards, have attracted increased interest and have been addressed as part of the WTO+ negotiated agenda in trade agreements. Because of a number of political and legal constraints, the process of further cooperation at the WTO have been stalled, which made free trade agreements a central pillar in setting the agenda of international trade governance. This leads us to rethinking the interrelation between the WTO and free trade agreements and to questioning the role of both fora in the future of trade. The book examines some TBT provisions in free trade agreements and highlights their positive and problematic aspects when it comes to the WTO-consistency and the ideas of open and inclusive trade. It also suggests that a more optimal way forward would be toincrease parallel work on TBT cooperation at the WTO, a more inclusive forum that could address issues of global significance, such as environmental protection and regulation of digital goods. The book explores the potential for trade agreements to advance the WTO agenda, but notes that the organization would need to adapt its institutional structure and governance in order to do so.Drawing on the example of the EU and US so-called ¿new generation¿ trade agreements, the book provides a detailed analysis of the various methods used to navigate TBT cooperation, and offers insight into how these agreements can serve as inspiration for future multilateral disciplines. This book is a valuable resource for trade law academics, policymakers, and anyone interested in the intersection of technical barriers to trade, regional trade agreements, and the WTO.