Folkeret

The book provides insights to the alleviation of tensions between Chinese tax incentives and the WTO¿s subsidy rules, thus further offering implications for both China and the WTO on integrating in the world economy. Moreover, doing a comparative study with EU State aid law can also provide China with a source of inspiration for reviewing its legal mechanism in respect of tax incentives and the WTO for rethinking its subsidy rules with regard to achieving its objectives and purposes. Academics and students in related subject will be interested to read the book. Practitioners doing business related to China, EU and international trade can be very interested in this book. Policymakers in both China and EU can also get valuable knowledge and inspiration from the book.

Following on from Part 1, which was highly acclaimed by the space community, this peer-viewed book provides detailed insights into how space and popular culture intersect across a broad spectrum of areas, including cinema, music, art, arcade games, cartoons, comics, and advertisements. This is a pertinent topic since the use of space themes differs in different cultural contexts, and these themes can be used to explore various aspects of the human condition and provide a context for social commentary on politically sensitive issues. With the use of space imagery evolving over the past sixty years of the space age, this topic is ripe for in-depth exploration. Covering a wide array of relevant and timely topics, the book examines the intersections between space and popular culture, and offers accounts of space and its effect on culture, language, and storytelling from the southern regions of the world.

This book focuses on current frontier-related issues such as humanitarian crises, economic crises, discrimination of migrants in certain countries, different typologies of borders such as land, maritime, air, space, and even cyberspace borders, and environmental protection of water resources at borders. It addresses legal and theoretical considerations and presents empirical cases showing the manifestations of the concept in the real world and its dynamics. Without claiming to exhaust the debate on frontiers, especially given the breadth of the subject and the large number of viewpoints from which the phenomenon can be examined, this book intends to be a helpful source of insights for academics, university students, and others who wish to explore the complex and multifaceted worlds that emerge, particularly in a globalized society, from the interaction between the various actors and scenarios that shape the reality of frontiers.

This book introduces the multilevel perspective to analyze how local, national, and international actors and institutions in the heritage field interact. More specifically, a comparative study is made of controversies regarding six UNESCO World Heritage sites in Germany and the United Kingdom. The six cases involve traditional monuments (the cathedral of Aachen and the castle and cathedral of Durham), industrial heritage (the Zollverein Coal Mine in Essen and the former tin and copper mines in Cornwall), and cities (Dresden and Liverpool). Studying how long-term landscape developments interact with local actors and nationally organized regimes reveals important differences between the decentralized German and the centralized British approach to heritage preservation. These differences not only have consequences for the governance of heritage preservation in the two countries, but also for their relations with international organizations such as UNESCO.

This book gathers a selection of peer-reviewed chapters reflecting on the Australia-European Union Free Trade Agreement (AEUFTA). Since 18 June 2018, ten rounds of negotiations for a AEUFTA have been held in a constructive atmosphere, showing a shared commitment to move forward with this ambitious and comprehensive agreement. After a lengthy and arduous process interrupted by the United Kingdom¿s withdrawal from the European Union (EU), the United States¿ hesitations regarding the EU¿s global strategy and the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the negotiations between Australia and the European Union finally appear to be nearing completion. In challenging times, both parties share a commitment to a positive trade agenda, and to the idea that good trade agreements benefit both sides by boosting jobs, growth and investment. This book explores the challenges, achievements and missed opportunities in the AEUFTA negotiation process, and examines current legal and political relations between the EU, its Member States and Australia. Furthermore, it examines in detail a wide and diverse range of negotiated areas, including digital trade, services, intellectual property rules, trade remedies and investment screening, as well as dispute settlement mechanisms. Lastly, it sheds light on the likely nature of future commercial relations between Australia and the EU. Written by a team of respected authors from leading institutions in both Australia and Europe, the book provides a valuable, interdisciplinary analysis of the AEUFTA.

Die 6. Auflage des Großkommentars Staub HGB beginnt 2021 und erscheint in 17 Bänden. Band 16 umfasst die Kommentierung des Montrealer Übereinkommens über Haftungsfragen im internationalen zivilen Luftverkehr unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Rechtsprechung.

This book aims to determine UNESCO's capability to facilitate heritage protection measures pre-conflict, emergency response measures during conflict and reconstruction efforts post-conflict. The book employs document analysis to ascertain UNESCO's legal obligations when it comes to facilitating cultural heritage protection in its Member States' territories in the condition of armed conflict, while drawing comparisons with the reality of the organisation's presence and involvement in Yemen, Syria and Iraq. This study maps shifts in UNESCO's level of communication with each country's respective government and civil authorities; allocation of financial, human and material resources; and implementation of heritage safeguarding and reconstruction initiatives. Both quantitative and qualitative data shows UNESCO to exhibit great inequity in engagement, at times, closing communications entirely with Syria, due to the political standpoints of other UNESCO Member States. This politicalgridlock is often shown to result in the organisation overstating its ability to safeguard or restore heritage, with promises not being followed up with action. Since 2015, UNESCO has expressed a stronger intent to be a key player in heritage protection during armed conflict, however as long as cultural heritage protection is not considered a humanitarian concern, UNESCO will not be able to circumvent much of the political and bureaucratic barriers facing intergovernmental organisations during conflict, which prevent emergency action from being implemented. In order to ensure heritage safeguarding is permitted during periods of significant unrest, regardless of political discord, it is crucial that UNESCO promote a people-centred approach to its cultural heritage protection initiatives. This book evidences that focusing on livelihoods and meaningful and practical connections between populations and their local heritage to be UNESCO's optimal methodological approach forjustifying cultural heritage protection as a humanitarian necessity. The book's readership includes academics, researchers, and practitioners in the fields of political science, law and heritage studies.

Diese systematische Gesamtdarstellung des Völkerrechts wendet sich in erster Linie an Studierende und Referendare. Ihnen wollen die Autorinnen und Autoren ein Hilfsmittel für Studium und Prüfung geben, das mehr ist als eine Einführung oder ein Kurzlehrbuch. Die 9. Auflage des Lehrbuches bietet wiederum eine umfassende Darstellung des gesamten Völkerrechts unter Berücksichtigung seiner Grundlagen, seiner Bezüge zu anderen Rechtsgebieten und seiner aktuellen Entwicklungen - in einem Band, von erfahrenen und renommierten Hochschullehrerinnen und Hochschullehrern verfasst. Acht gleichgewichtige Abschnitte decken das Völkerrecht in seiner ganzen thematischen Breite ab: seine Grundlagen; sein Verhältnis zur staatlichen Rechtsordnung; seine Subjekte; die Raum-, Umwelt-, Wirtschafts- und Kulturordnungen des Völkerrechts; die internationale Verantwortlichkeit, das Völkerstrafrecht und das Recht der Streitbeilegung; das Recht der Friedenssicherung und das humanitäre Völkerrecht.

The European Union is one of the most outward-oriented economies in the world, and free trade is one of its founding principles. As such, instruments intended to ensure that international trade is conducted on a level playing field have been part of the EU¿s policy toolbox since the beginning of European integration. Adapting to the current changes in international trade, these instruments have since undergone major reforms. This work provides an overview of the EU¿s legal framework on the use of its trade defence instruments, in particular measures under the Trade Barriers Regulation, the Basic Anti-Dumping Regulation and the Basic-Anti Subsidy Regulation. The book shares valuable insights into how EU institutions currently apply these instruments and places their application in the broader political context in which international trade takes place, which has been shaped e.g. by developments related to the United Kingdom¿s withdrawal from the EU and the ongoing blockade of the WTO Appellate Body.

This book calls for the urgent regulation of satellite mega-constellations in outer space, proposing a new model of ¿international regulatory coordination¿, in order to ensure the sustainable balance of science and advanced telecommunications. We are currently witnessing expansion of the Internet off our planet. The proliferation of new space-based internet connectivity has been accompanied by much discussion about the potential impact on astronomy. Scientists are increasingly concerned that mega-constellations proposed by SpaceX, OneWeb, Amazon and Facebook, might wreak havoc on scientific research and transform our view of the stars. These commercial operators plan to launch hundreds of thousands of satellites into Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) in the coming decade, representing a 1000% increase on objects currently in orbit. This book examines this new space race in the context of historical rivalries, for it is clear that mega-constellations are being actively pursued by a US administration determined to dominate LEO as tensions with China rise. This creates a risk of interference with earth-based scientific activities that use optical and radio frequency techniques to study the universe. This book examines these developments in the context of the Outer Space Treaty (OST), which provides all States with the freedom of scientific investigation, exploration and use of outer space, while balancing this with obligations to avoid interference with the space activities of other States. It draws upon interviews with some of Europe¿s leading astronomers in order to highlight the extent to which the issue will require legal and regulatory reform of mega-constellation licensing processes, to ensure the integrity of astronomical science is preserved. The race to dominate LEO also comes at a time when the monopolistic power of Facebook, Amazon and other TechGiants, is under renewed scrutiny in western democracies. The author argues that a new governance framework for launch and operational licenses is urgently required, in which impact risk assessments, scale and proportionality, and stakeholder consultation processes should play important roles. It is now vital that the astronomical community ¿ whose skill-set does not generally involve leading regulatory strategies ¿ engage with those who can support its leadership in exerting a renewed influence. The diplomacy of science, which played a vital role during the Cold War and the establishment of global commons, must be reinvigorated for the New Space era.. It is now vital that the astronomical community ¿ whose skill-set does not generally involve leading regulatory strategies ¿ engage with those who can support its leadership in exerting a renewed influence. The diplomacy of science, which played a vital role during the Cold War and the establishment of global commons, must be reinvigorated for the New Space era.

This book focuses on the tension between the protection of human rights recognised as jus cogens (peremptory) norms, on the one hand, and the bestowal of immunity on the state and its representatives, on the other, to ascertain how these immunities can be eroded, if not fully abolished, to maintain full protection of jus cogens human rights under international law. The book argues that immunity should not equate to impunity when violations of jus cogens human rights are committed by States, Heads of State, or diplomatic agents. To make the case, the organic structures of the concepts of sovereignty and fundamental human rights are examined. Then, the human rights-based challenge to immunity is presented with respect to State, Head of State and diplomatic immunity, and the transition from a state-centric system to a human-centric system is explored. Jus cogens norms are at the centre of the impunity versus immunity debate.

This book focuses on the enforcement aspect of tobacco control policy, and argues that the intense regulation of the tobacco market will never be successful as long as it can be circumvented by the availability of illicit tobacco products. Yet, current efforts to combat illicit tobacco trade are insufficient, suffering from several flaws and gaps at the regulatory and operational levels. The aim of this book is to provide an analysis of the legal framework and practice of enforcement with regard to illicit tobacco products. Combining criminological and legal perspectives, it presents and critically analyses the phenomenon of illicit tobacco trade, as well as the policies, legal frameworks and practices in six EU countries with regard to combatting this phenomenon, assessing the strengths and weaknesses of their approaches. Furthermore, it studies the relationship between the EU and third countries (e.g. Ukraine) in terms of how the EU can influence policy and enforcement in these countries in order to counter illicit tobacco trafficking. Not exclusively focusing on the EU, the book also includes an analysis of enforcement against illicit tobacco products in the US. The EU Member States analysed in the book (Belgium, Germany, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands and Poland) reflect the range of currently available approaches. Some of them have ratified the WHO Protocol against tobacco smuggling; others have not. They belong to different legal traditions and face different challenges due to their respective border situations. While Belgium and the Netherlands are key entry ports to the EU, Poland and Latvia represent the Eastern land border of the EU, with various regional challenges. Italy has a long maritime border, where trafficking is possible from Northern Africa and from the Middle East. It also has significant experience in fighting organised crime. Lastly, Germany is the largest market in Europeand situated in the middle of these trafficking routes.

This book offers a new perspective on international law, which was, for centuries, male-dominant and gender-blind. However, this gender blindness has led to many injustices, the failure to recognize certain rights, and to impunity for serious crimes. The book examines the development of gender perspectives in various branches of international law, while also discussing and explaining certain universal standards. However, particular attention is paid to the European human rights system. Accordingly, the book provides detailed explanations of the EU¿s external policies in relation to sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity. Also, there is a special focus on the relevant jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to gender and sexual orientation, female reproduction, and sexuality. The authors explain not only the importance of an adequate legal framework for combating gender inequality but also the detrimental effects of deeply rooted gender stereotypes and prejudices. Subsequently, the development of particular branches is presented, such as a gender-sensitive approach to the prevention of war crimes, gender perspectives in refugee law, and the evolution of gender-sensitive environmental law. In addition, the problematic situation of discrimination in the workplace is addressed from various perspectives. Many discussions, especially among EU member states, are reserved for the issue of women¿s participation in managerial boards, while the growing awareness of gender equality in international trade agreements represents another interesting topic. Lastly, the book offers a historical perspective on the development of international law in the interwar period, with a particular focus on the situation in Yugoslavia.The book critically reconsiders the dominant molds of legal knowledge and presents innovative gender-sensitive and gender-competent insights on a variety of issues in international law, in order to introduce readers to new research topics relevant to gender equality and to stimulate the development of an international legal and institutional framework for achieving greater gender equality in practice. The collection of essays presented here will be of interest to all those working in the field of international law, as well as students and academics looking to broaden and deepen their research on a range of issues in international law from gender perspectives.

This book examines how the developments in veterinary science, philosophy, economics and law converged during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to entrench farm animals along a commodification pathway. It covers two neglected areas of study; the importance of international veterinary conferences to domestic regimes and the influence of early global treaties that dealt with animal health on domestic quarantine measures. The author concludes by arguing that society needs to reconsider its understanding and the place of the welfare paradigm in animal production systems. As it presently stands, this paradigm can be used to justify almost any self-serving reason to abrogate ethical principles.The topic of this book will appeal to a wide readership; not only scholars, students and educators but also people involved in animal production, interested parties and experts in the animal welfare and animal rights sector, as well as policy-makers and regulators, who will find this work informative and thought-provoking.

EPDF and EPUB available Open Access under CC-BY-NC-ND licence. In recent years, climate litigation has become an important subject of global scholarly and policy interest. However, developments within the Global South, particularly in Africa, have been largely neglected. This volume brings together an international team of contributors to provide a much-needed examination of climate litigation in Africa. The book outlines how climate litigation in Africa is distinct as well as pinpointing where it connects with the global conversation. Chapters engage with crucial themes such as human rights approaches to climate governance, corporate liability and the role of gender in climate litigation. Spanning a range of approaches and jurisdictions, the book challenges universal concepts around climate and the role of activism (including litigation) in seeking to advance climate governance.

This book examines interactions and discusses intersectionality between public international law and private international law. With contributions from scholars from USA, Canada, Australia, India and EU, this book brings out truly international perspectives on the topic. The contributions are arranged in four themes-Public international law and private international law: historical and theoretical considerations of the boundary; Harmonisation of private international law by public international law instruments: evaluation of process, problems, and effectiveness; Case studies of intersectionality between public international law and private international law; Future trends in the relationship between public international law and private international law. The ultimate aim of this book is to analyse whether these two legal disciplines become convergent or they are still divergent as usual. With wide coverage spanning across these four themes, the book has takeaways for a wide readership. For scholars and researchers in the fields of public international law and private international law, this book sparks further thoughts and debates in both disciplines and highlight areas for continuing research. For practitioners, this book offers fresh insights and perspectives on contemporaneous issues of significance. This book is also be a great resource for students at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels taking subjects such as public international law or private international law or some related disciplines such as international sale of goods, international trade law or international investment law to advance their knowledge and understanding of the disciplines.

"In this original study of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), Maksim Karliuk assesses the law, present dynamics, and the likely future development of the EAEU. Karliuk considers the legal, institutional and decision-making issues of the EAEU as an attempt to encourage post-Soviet integration and offers solutions to the most problematic concerns"--

In dieser Schrift wird aufbauend auf den Erkenntnissen der Climate Change Litigation und dem Phänomen der sog. Klimaklagen die Justitiabilität von Klimaschutz in Deutschland untersucht. Dabei wird der Untersuchungsgegenstand auf Klimaschutzklagen, d.h. auf vertikale Klagen von Privaten gegen den Staat mit dem Begehren auf verbesserte oder sonst adäquate Klimaschutzmaßnahmen, beschränkt. Nach einer Auseinandersetzung mit dem meist diffusen Begriff der Justitiabilität wird eine eigenständige Definition mit anschließendem Prüfungskanon entwickelt, der danach fragt, ob und inwieweit Klimaschutz vor deutschen Gerichten einklagbar ist; aber auch fragt, ob und inwieweit einschlägige Streitigkeiten zur gerichtlichen Klärung geeignet sind. Im Rahmen der Prüfung von Einklagbarkeit und Eignung werden die wesentlichen Herausforderungen der Klimaklagen identifiziert und ¿ unter Berücksichtigung einschlägigen internationalen und europäischen Rechts ¿ nach prozessualen und materiellen Verfassungsrecht geprüft. Unter Begründung eines subjektiven Rechts auf Klimaschutz im Sinne eines Schutzes der Freiheitsvoraussetzungen sowie unter Anwendung einer Abwägungsfehlerlehre als gerichtlicher Kontrollmaßstab wird die Justitiabilität von Klimaschutz in Deutschland bejaht. Dabei erfolgt ¿ im deutschsprachigen Raum erstmals ¿ eine monografische Auseinandersetzung mit dem sog. Klima-Beschluss des Bundesverfassungsgerichts.

strong>The bookSpace tourism, satellite use, military scope or extraterrestrial resource extraction: space law is increasingly shaping national and international interests.In clear diction and with illustrations and supporting graphics, Hobe presents all relevant legal aspects of space use on the basis of international space law and all relevant national space legislations.The new editionThe 2nd edition takes into account the new legal problems resulting from the rapidly advancing conquest of space. This concerns previously unknown areas, in particular:Space travel by private companiesNASA's Artemis programmeConcrete considerations for the colonisation of the Moon and MarsResource extraction on celestial objectsTraffic rules for outer space.The target groupThe work is aimed at both academics and practitioners of space law in law firms, companies, associations and authorities.

Said Al-Wahid har altid sit pas på sig, selv når han skal i supermarkedet. På vej hjem fra en oplæsning får han besked om, at hans mor ligger for døden, og derfor rejser han for første gang i årevis tilbage til sit hjemland, Irak.Jo tættere Said kommer på sin familie i Bagdad, jo dybere stikker hans erindringer. De bevæger sig tilbage til årene før hans ankomst til Tyskland, til de måneder, han tilbragte på flugt gennem Afrika og mod Europa, og helt tilbage til øjeblikke fra hans barndom i Irak.Men hvilke erindringer gør os til dem, vi er? Hvilke minder mangler, hvilke er forvrængede, og hvilke er det pure opspind? Said ved det ikke længere, og måske er det årsagen til, han overhovedet er i live.Erindringsforfalskeren er en bevægende og poetisk roman, som rummer et helt liv. Bogen er skrevet af Abbas Khider, der blev født i Bagdad i 1973. Som 19-årig blev han fængslet på grund af sine politiske aktiviteter. Efter sin løsladelse flygtede han fra Irak og opholdt sig efterfølgende i flere forskellige lande, inden han i år 2000 bosatte sig i Tyskland, hvor han har studeret litteratur og filosofi. Hans romaner har modtaget adskillige priser og opnået stor international anerkendelse. Med udgivelsen af Erindringsforfalskeren er det første gang, man kan læse Khider i dansk oversættelse.

Do you love the sea? Are you a fan of the ocean? Whether you're a Maritime Law student / researcher or just an observer of the big blue water on our planet, this is the book for you! With five incredible chapters, this book takes you through the history of Maritime Law, the features of Nautical Issues, and much more. It even features a comprehensive list of the primary higher education institutions in the world where you can obtain a degree in Maritime Law / Studies! Brought to you by three major sea-lovers, this book is certain to make a nice addition to your maritime bookshelf. And if this is your first maritime book, then we thank you for starting off strong with your collection! All proceeds from the sales of this book will be donated straight to Lonely Whale Foundation, a nonprofit organization based in the United States dedicated to bringing people closer to the world's oceans through education and awareness, inspiring empathy and action for ocean health and the wellbeing of marine wildlife. Learn more about Lonely Whale Foundation here: www.SeaSection.org. [NOTE: While this book is satire in execution, the content provided is factual and true to Maritime Law. It is outlined clearly in the Quick Look feature that this book is not recommended for those who want a more academic study into Maritime Law. I mean, it's literally called 'The Sea Section' - be sure to read the negative reviews for a preview of what will happen if you fail to understand the joke.]

Landmark study of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights that positions it within the African Lives Matter struggle to assert an African identity rather than as simply a human rights document.