Materialelære

Il presente volume raccoglie numerosi esercizi completamente risolti e commentati. I procedimenti di calcolo sono spiegati dettagliatamente, con richiami alla teoria di base ed alle equazioni che governano i principi della termodinamica. Gli argomenti trattati seguono i programmi dei corsi di Termodinamica Applicata e fanno riferimento a situazioni reali, riscontrabili nelle usuali applicazioni civili e industriali. Si è cercato quindi di evitare esercizi di argomentazione astratta, evidenziando come la termodinamica è applicata continuamente nelle attività di ogni giorno, ad esempio nei motori endotermici delle autovetture, nei frigoriferi, negli impianti di conversione dell'energia e di climatizzazione (riscaldamento e condizionamento dell'aria). L'approccio semplice ed intuitivo ed il modestissimo ricorso a tecniche matematiche rendono il libro fruibile con facilità da parte di tutti gli studenti universitari impegnati nello studio dei corsi di Termodinamica.

This thesis describes in-depth theoretical efforts to understand the reaction mechanism of graphite and lithium metal as anodes for next-generation rechargeable batteries. The first part deals with Na intercalation chemistry in graphite, whose understanding is crucial for utilizing graphite as an anode for Na-ion batteries. The author demonstrates that Na ion intercalation in graphite is thermodynamically unstable because of the unfavorable Na-graphene interaction. To address this issue, the inclusion of screening moieties, such as solvents, is suggested and proven to enable reversible Na-solvent cointercalation in graphite. Furthermore, the author provides the correlation between the intercalation behavior and the properties of solvents, suggesting a general strategy to tailor the electrochemical intercalation chemistry. The second part addresses the Li dendrite growth issue, which is preventing practical application of Li metal anodes. A continuum mechanics study considering various experimental conditions reveals the origins of irregular growth of Li metal. The findings provide crucial clues for developing effective counter strategies to control the Li metal growth, which will advance the application of high-energy-density Li metal anodes.

The book systematically accounts for the scientific and technological problems of nanostructured silicon in the form of porous and black silicon. Nanostructured silicon is currently a pioneer research topic worldwide due to its enormous potential applications for modern electronic devices, such as sensitive photodetectors, solar cells, biochemical sensors, hydrogen generators, and display devices. The main structural modifications of this nanomaterial are porous and black silicon. Porous silicon addresses crystalline silicon with nanopores and black silicon with nanoneedles. Historically, porous silicon is thought to be a kind of precursor to black silicon. The formation, research, and application of nanostructured silicon remains the main cornerstone of nanotechnologies, and this book is useful for a wide range of researchers in the fields of semiconductor physics, micro-, and nanoelectronics. The author outlines the prospect of black silicon fabrication and its various applications. As for porous silicon, the book contains a detailed analysis of this material as a precursor of black silicon. This allows it to be possible to carry out correlations between two structural modifications of nanostructured silicon to clearly and reasonably show their advantages and disadvantages. With many references to a vast resource of recently published literature, this book serves as an important and insightful source of valuable information and provides scientists and engineers with new ideas to better understand the formation processes of nanostructured silicon as well as improve and expand their properties.

This book is an important guide to aluminum alloys. It discusses the basics of aluminum alloys, how they are prepared, how their properties can be altered, the relationship between their microstructures and properties, and their advanced applications. This book includes eleven chapters organized into four sections: ¿Introduction to Aluminum Alloys¿, ¿Fabrication of Aluminum Alloys¿, ¿Properties of Aluminum Alloys¿, and ¿Advanced Applications of Aluminum Alloys¿. Chapters address such topics as aluminum alloys and their grain refinement; extrusion, low- and high-pressure casting, and additive manufacturing techniques to prepare different grades of aluminum alloys; how the property of aluminum alloys can be altered by adding dispersing agents; and more.

This book focuses on tribology in manufacturing processes from the viewpoint of sliding friction fundamentals, the use of lubricants to control friction processes such as machining, drawing, rolling, extrusion, abrasive processes, and processing at micro and nanoscales. To study tribological behavior, it is essential to know the methods of measuring and describing the surface shape and roughness. The friction and wear, their corresponding coefficients, and their main mechanisms are described, including stick-slip effects, adhesion, and plowing. Adhesive, abrasive, erosive, and erosion-corrosion wear mechanisms. Friction¿wear relationships are elaborated, and wear maps are presented. Surface interactions depend on the contacting materials and surface shape. It is a function of the production process and nature of parent materials that are found to be rough, where roughness is characterized by asperities of varying amplitudes and spacing. Surface interactions are dependent both on thecontacting materials and the shape of the surface. The distribution of the asperities is directional when the finishing process is direction-dependent, such as turning, milling, etc., and homogeneous for a non-directional finishing process like lapping, electro-polishing.

This book highlights established research and technology on corrosion inhibitors and bio-waste management. It further discusses emerging aspects of utilizing food waste in the field of corrosion inhibition. The topics covered include overview on bio-waste and their management, different types of food waste (i.e., agricultural, vegetable and fruit/fruit juice, plant waste, slaughterhouse trash), and their application as corrosion inhibitors and mitigation of corrosion. It also discusses economic aspects and commercialization of food waste as corrosion inhibitors. The book is a valuable reference for beginners, researchers, and professionals working in the areas of sustainability, food waste management, and material science.

In this second edition, most chapters of the first edition, which published in 2017, have been revised and recent advancement of electron microscopy such as differential phase contrast (DPC) STEM, sparse-coding image processing and quantum electron microscopy have been supplemented with further details. This book explains the basis of imaging and diffraction in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in the style of a textbook. The book focuses on the explanation of electron microscopic imaging of TEM and STEM without including in the main text distracting information on basic knowledge of crystal diffraction, wave optics, electron lens, and scattering and diffraction theories, which are explained separately in the appendices. The comprehensive explanation is provided on the basis of Fourier transform theory, and this approach is unique in comparison with other advanced resources on high-resolution electron microscopy. With the present textbook, readers are led to understand the essence of the imaging theories of TEM and STEM without being diverted by various kinds of knowledge around electron microscopy. The up-to-date information in this book, particularly on imaging details of STEM and aberration corrections, is valuable worldwide for today¿s graduate students and professionals just starting their careers.

This collection presents papers from the 152nd Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

This volume explores recent innovations across the entire pipeline of imaging signal transduction, cell preparation, cellular manipulation, image acquisition, and computational analysis. The chapters in this book cover topics such as rapid preparation of living Drosophila pupal macrophages for ex vivo imaging; controlling the potency of T cell activation using an optically tuneable chimeric antigen receptor; in situ imaging of proteins using DNA-PAINT super-resolution microscopy; reconstructing signaling networks using biosensor barcoding; and morphological, spatial, and dynamic models for cellular components. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and authoritative, Imaging Cell Signaling is a valuable resource that provides guidance to researchers looking to learn how to effectively tailor design projects to image, manipulate, and model signal transduction.

Characterization Techniques for Bionanocomposites: Advances, Challenges, and Applications provides a detailed review of current techniques used for the characterization of bionanocomposites. The chapters cover physical, chemical, thermal, and electrical characterization techniques as well as spectroscopic and microscopic methods. There is also an entire section dedicated to biodegradability and biological characterization. With its numerous case studies and practical examples, researchers will find this book a valuable information resource that enables them to identify which specialized characterization tools can be applied to different materials for a broad range of biological, environmental, and industrial applications.

This collection presents papers from the 153rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

Phase transitions and new phases of matter have continued to challenge our understanding of the quantum condensed matter systems. For decades, phase transitions were thought to be facilitated by the breaking of some symmetry. For example, magnetic ordering emerges due to breaking of the time-reversal symmetry; the crystallization of water into ice, on the other hand, involves broken translational symmetry. This paradigm, however, was challenged with the discovery of topological order in some condensed matter systems in the year 1982. Since then many electronic phases with novel topologies have been predicted theoretically and few have also been realized experimentally. Examples of these electronic phases, across the research frontier, span from graphene to the topological insulators and beyond. Still, several theoretical predictions of various novel topological phases are yet to be realized experimentally. Due to this reason, signi¿cant efforts are concentrated around materials with strong spin-orbit interaction, which provide a fertile ground for experimental realization of novel topological phases. Much of condensed matter is about how different kinds of order emerge from inter- actions between many simple constituents. An ideal example of this is the family of transition metal oxides (TMOs) where a plethora of novel phenomena such as high-TC superconductivity, colossal magnetoresistance, and metal-insulator transitions could be observed as a result of the complex interplay of various electronic interactions such as electron correlations, crystal ¿eld splitting and spin-orbit coupling. The magnitude of these interactions depends on a number of factors like the atomic number of the transition metal, underlying crystal geometry, ligand environment around the transition metal, etc. Understanding the interplay of these interactions which ultimately decides the ground state is one of the fundamental problems in condensed matter physics. Failure of band theory to explain the insulating ground state in TMOs highlighted the importance of electron-electron interactions. In TMOs, the conduction is driven by d- orbitals which are spatially compact when compared to the s- or p-orbitals in simple metals. This results in strong Coulomb repulsion between the d electrons of TMOs. The transition from metallic to insulating state due to strong electron correlations was successfully modelled theoretically via Hubbard model given by John Hubbard.

This collection covers innovations in the field of composite materials with a specific focus on eco-friendly and environmentally sustainable systems. All composite fields are explored, including polymer, metal, and ceramic matrix composites with an emphasis on sourcing raw materials in a sustainable way as well as the development of composite materials for environmental sustainability. Topics will include the development of new materials for structural applications, reduction in energy consumption, and increased component life along with discussions of novel methods to reuse existing materials. Additional topics include, but are not limited to:· Naturally Sourced Materials feedstock· Recycled Material feedstock, · Application of composite for reduced carbon footprint · Development of novel materials to repurpose waste from other areas

The book covers in particular state-of-the-art scientific research about product quality control and related health and environmental safety topics, including human, animal and plant safety assurance issues. These conference proceedings provide contemporary information on the general theoretical, metrological and practical issues of the production and application of reference materials.Reference materials play an integral role in physical, chemical and related type of measurements, ensuring their uniformity, comparability and the validity of quantitative analysis as well as, as a result, the objectivity of decisions concerning the elimination of technical barriers in commercial and economic, scientific and technical and other spheres of cooperation. The book is intended for researchers and practitioners in the field of chemistry, metrologists, technical physics, as well as for specialists in analytical laboratories, or working for companies and organizations involved in the production, distribution and use of reference materials.

This book covers thermal stresses in plates and shells, offering a cutting-edge exploration of this critical field. Tailored for a diverse audience, including graduate and postgraduate students, dedicated researchers, and scientists in both industrial and government sectors, as well as engineers specializing in mechanical, aerospace, and civil engineering. The book unfolds over eight meticulously crafted chapters, providing a detailed examination of thermal stresses in rectangular and circular plates, along with an array of shell geometries. Circular cylindrical, spherical, conical, and shells of revolution undergo rigorous analysis under various load conditions. A focal point of the text lies in the exhaustive treatment of tensor analysis within a curvilinear coordinate system. This framework lays the foundation for the derivation of precise strain-displacement relations for an array of shell configurations. The book further elucidates the transformation of Codazzi and Gauss conditions from surface continuity to compatibility conditions within elasticity theory. Chapter 5 introduces analytical solutions for diverse thermal loads affecting cylindrical, spherical, and conical shells. Chapters 6 and 7 delve into the intricate domain of coupled thermoelasticity, particularly in plates and shells subjected to shock loads. The book culminates in Chapter 8, where the intriguing phenomenon of thermal-induced vibrations in plates and shells takes center stage. With a commitment to accessibility, this self-contained volume presents mathematical concepts and numerical methods in an approachable manner, ensuring ease of comprehension for the reader. However, a foundational understanding of classical mathematics, mechanics, and elasticity theory is recommended for optimal engagement.

The bone is a functional organ associated with other elements such as vascular systems, cartilage, connective tissues and nervous components. Body movement is possible when these functional organs act together with skeletal muscles. Large bones are more prone to injury in the skeletal system compared to small and medium bones. Injured bones are treated through internal and external fixation of implants. Apart from long bone injury, joint replacement is another prime intervention where the bone is anticipated to host a biomaterial. The regeneration process of a patient's injury depends on the nature of the response of the bone to the implanted biomaterial. The demand for biomaterials is increasing year by year. The field of biomaterials has been on a continuous boom for the last few decades because of the increase in the ageing population and growth in the average weight of people across the globe, apart from common accidents and sports injuries. Heart, blood vessels, shoulders, knees, spine, elbow, ears, hips, dental structures etc., are a few parts of the body in which biomaterials are used as artificial valves, stents, replacement implants and bone plates. More replacements have been registered for hip, knee, spine and dental-related problems. By the end of the next decade, towards 2030, it has been estimated that the number of total knee arthroplasty surgeries is forecasted to grow by 673%, and total hip replacement will increase by 174% compared to the present replacement rate. The mechanical qualities of the bone deteriorate and are degraded as a result of excessive loading on bones and joints and the lack of a normal biological self-healing process, which causes degenerative illnesses. One of the best solutions to such problems is to use artificial biomaterials as an implant of suitable size and shape, which supports the function of restoring the body movement in the affected joints and compromised structures. No doubt that the replacement surgeries have dwelled, but on the other side, the revision surgeries of knee, hip and spinal implants have been increasing rapidly, which is a matter of concern. These revision surgeries are expensive with a low success rate and, most importantly, painful for the patients. The targets of the present day's researchers are not just to develop appropriate bio-implants but also to select suitable machining techniques and proper procedures to produce such bio-implant alloys, for improving the quality of the implant material to avoid revision surgeries.

This book is covering the basics of rheology and is based on knowledge gained during many years of both practical and theoretical work with rheological challenges in most industrial branches. It serves to help the reader to gain the understanding needed to plan, perform and interpret rheological measurements to study material properties at rest and during flow. This book is based on the knowledge needs expressed by more than 3000 participants taken my basic, advanced and company specific training courses. It does not require any previous knowledge in rheology. It combines easy to understand descriptions of the basic rheological concepts with the corresponding theoretical concepts. Then all concepts are applied in easy to understand studies and the resulting rheological behavior is explained. Theoretical rheology is one thing but if you can not apply it, designing measurements that really mirror the material properties you are studying, then your rheological understanding remains theoretical and your true material properties unexplored. This book helps the reader to find out which material properties are important and how to specifically measure these properties using rheological instruments.

Porosity is an important feature of a material. In a conventional sense, porous materials must have permanent, interconnected voids that are permeable to gases or liquids. Generally, Porosity can be observed in rocks, ceramics, soils, biological tissue, charcoal, dried plant husks, and have been utilized for filtration, purification, petrochemicals, cooling, etc.[1-4] In modern times, there is a growing demand for utilization of porous solids not only limited to adsorption and catalysis, but they are also deployed in different sectors including energy, environmental, and health department. The porous solids have ubiquitous influence on our society and are indispensable in our daily life for a long time. However, the target-specific applications are almost impossible with such traditional porous solids as the structure- property relationship remains unknown. Therefore, the search for a new class of porous materials is essential where fine-tuning of order and functionalities at the atomic level could be easily attained. Such exquisite control over the entire structures of the porous materials permits the tailoring of materials for challenging and appealing applications that are still not realized by such traditional porous solids. This newly developed special class of porous materials have been termed as advanced porous materials (APMs). The discovery of APMs at the end of eighties has brought a revolution in chemistry and material engineering. The participation of the ever-escalating number of researchers in this newly developed field owing to the possibilities of unlimited chemical and structural features in this class of materials present scope for imaginative chemists. The unique arrangement of organic, inorganic or combination of both moieties affords a new class of porous materials, potentially complementary and even much more attractive compared to traditional porous solids. APMs encompass a wide range of materials i.e., metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), porous organic materials (POMs), metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs), metal-organic gel (MOG) etc. The research interest in APMs have skyrocketed in various aspects pertaining to its several key features. Firstly, APMs can be designed to feature high surface area and well-defined functional pores. Secondly, some of them can be readily molded into monolithic forms or thin films which provide substantial advantages in many practical applications. Additionally, few of them can even be dissolved in a common solvent and processed into workable forms without compromising their inherent porosity, which is almost impossible to imagine with conventional porous solids. Furthermore, stimuli-responsive APMs can also be designed that are capable of reversibly switching between the open and closed porous state after applying an external stimuli.

The Magnesium Technology Symposium at the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition is one of the largest yearly gatherings of magnesium specialists in the world. Papers represent all aspects of the field, ranging from primary production to applications and recycling. Moreover, papers explore everything from basic research findings to industrialization. Magnesium Technology 2024 is a definitive reference that covers a broad spectrum of current topics, including novel extraction techniques; primary production; alloys and their production; integrated computational materials engineering; thermodynamics and kinetics; plasticity mechanisms; cast products and processing; wrought products and processing; forming, joining, and machining; corrosion and surface finishing; fatigue and fracture; dynamic response; structural applications; degradation and biomedical applications; emerging applications; additive manufacturing of powders; and recycling, ecological issues, and life cycle analysis.

This collection presents papers from a symposium on extraction of rare metals from primary and secondary materials and residues as well as rare extraction processing techniques used in metal production. The collection covers the extraction of less common or minor metals including elements such as antimony, bismuth, barium, beryllium, boron, calcium, chromium, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, manganese, molybdenum, platinum group metals, rare earth metals, rhenium, scandium, selenium, sodium, strontium, tantalum, tellurium, and tungsten. It also includes rare metals of low-tonnage sales compared to high-tonnage metals (iron, copper, nickel, lead, tin, zinc, or light metals such as aluminum, magnesium, or titanium and electronic metalloid silicon). Rare metal processing covers bio-metallurgy, hydro-metallurgy, and electro-metallurgy while novel high-temperature processes such as microwave heating, solar-thermal reaction synthesis, and cold crucible synthesis of rare metals are also addressed. Also included in this collection is the design of extraction equipment used in these processes from suppliers as well as laboratory and pilot plant studies.

The collection focuses on the advancements of characterization of minerals, metals, and materials and the applications of characterization results on the processing of these materials. Advanced characterization methods, techniques, and new instruments are emphasized. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to:· Extraction and processing of various types of minerals, process-structure-property relationship of metal alloys, glasses, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, and carbon using functional and structural materials.· Novel methods and techniques for characterizing materials across a spectrum of systems and processes. · Characterization of mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, dielectric, magnetic, physical, and other properties of materials. · Characterization of structural, morphological,and topographical natures of materials at micro- and nano- scales. · Characterization of extraction and processing including process development and analysis. · Advances in instrument developments for microstructure analysis and performance evaluation of materials, such as computer tomography (CT), X-ray and neutron diffraction, electron microscopy (SEM, FIB, TEM), and spectroscopy (EDS, WDS, EBSD) techniques. · 2D and 3D modelling for materials characterization.