Materialelære

In today's society researchers are more focused on cleaner materials production for environmental sustainability. This approach aims at reducing waste and the development of materials with enhanced properties and functionality. This book focuses on optimizing manufacturing processes for sustainable composite materials. It discusses optimum utilization of resources by using minimum effort to save cost and energy.

Carbon nanomaterials have several applications, which is driving up scientific research into them. The book showcases the most recent advancements and research discoveries rather than just providing an overview. Each chapter offers authoritative insights into the ever-changing field of carbon-based nanomaterials, as written by top authorities in their respective domains. The book stands out for its persistent focus on real-world application. It is devoted to practical applications and is divided into four sections. The intriguing promise of carbon nanomaterials, their synthesis, and their possible uses set the stage for the adventure. Subsequently, the emphasis shifts to agriculture, where nanomaterials have been shown to improve plant health, fend against illnesses, promote growth and development, and even help detect and remove herbicides. The biomedical part explores the potential toxicological ramifications of these materials while introducing the reader to their ground-breaking role in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and the fight against fungal diseases. Overall, the book provides valuable insights and serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers and scientists across various interdisciplinary subjects.

This book introduces biomass which is utilized all over the world based on geographical, cultural, and historical background. It covers 18 major biomass types and several specific plants categorized into 3 groups based on their usage. The present and historical background of representative materials from biomass, such as cellulose, lignin, chitin, sugar, molasses, amylose, and other interesting natural biopolymers, such as hyaluronan, gum Arabic, and others are introduced. Furthermore, characteristic features of representative and influential plants, such as rice, eucalyptus, and oil palm are described together with historical episodes. Although physicochemical characteristic properties of each material and plant have been published over many decades, scarcely a comprehensive introduction on biomass together with Asian, European, and Latin American cultural backgrounds. In this book, biomass familiar to everybody¿s life is introduced based on scientific and cultural viewpoints. It guides readers to gain background knowledge of targeting biomass to be developed as industrial resources. In addition to students, scientists, and lecturers, the book will be useful for industrial engineers, both specialists in polymer science and technology and materials experts.

This book gathers the proceedings of the 9th International Conference and Exhibition on Sustainable Energy and Advanced Materials (ICE-SEAM 2023), held on 14 September 2023, in Putrajaya, Malaysia. It focuses on a diverse range of subtopics: Additive Manufacturing¿Advanced Materials and Processes¿Design and Optimization¿Energy Efficiency, Energy Engineering and Management¿Modelling and Simulation¿Surface Engineering and Tribology¿Thermal and Fluids¿Vibration and Control. The content caters to academicians, researchers, students, practitioners working in the field of sustainable energy systems and advanced materials.

This book presents the select proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring & Engineering Structures (SHM&ES 2023). It covers the recent advances in the fields related to structural health monitoring, damage detection and assessment, non-destructive testing, inverse problems, optimization, artificial neural networks, and evaluation. This book is useful for researchers and professionals working in the field of health monitoring of engineering structures.

The book deals with the thermal and mechanical fracture of functionally graded materials on homogeneous substrate (FGM/H) structures. Emphasis is placed on multiple crack interactions. FGMs have a wide range of engineering applications; especially in thermal barrier coatings. Potentially desirable thermal and mechanical properties of functionally graded coatings (FGCs) are analyzed as well as available real material combinations, e.g. (ceramic/metal)/metal.

The book analyses the design features of railway wheel pairs and investigates methods for increasing the durability of these wheels. Laser cladding of the surface of the wheels can successfully be employed for increasing their durability. Keywords: Railway Wheels, Surface Treatments, Laser Cladding, Strength Calculation, Fatigue Stresses, Laser Energy Source, Control of Thermodynamic Processes, Mobile Repair Complex.

The book presents an overview of nonlinear effects arising in discrete lattices of metals. Topics covered include discrete breathers, quasi-breathers, soliton waves, and shock waves. Keywords: Soliton, Discrete Breathers, Quasi-Breathers, Shock Waves, Supersonic Waves, Molecular Dynamics, Self-Organization, Nonlinearity, Dislocation Extraction Algorithm, Frenkel Pairs, Stacking Fault Tetrahedra.

This detailed volume presents a series of protocols dealing with different aspects of inclusion body (IB) processing, from cloning procedures to purification of refolded product. Commencing with chapters on upstream processing, looking into different expression strategies for IB production, the book continues with downstream applications, highlighting early protein purification and subsequent analytics, as well as success stories of IB-based processes. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Inclusion Bodies: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal resource for facilitating diverse aspects of IB processing.

Flexible devices based on metal oxides: Achievements and prospects focuses on the integration of flexibility in electronic circuitry, sensing applications, energy conversion and storage, and environmental remediation. Flexibility in these applications offers great potential, especially in the areas of wearable sensors, solar cells, transistors, electronic skin, and human body monitoring. The book investigates flexible and wearable devices based on metal oxide nanostructures or thin films that are capable of bending, rolling, compression, and folding, all while maintaining their performance. Metal oxide nanomaterials display exceptional properties that include mechanical stress tolerance, high optical transparency, high carrier mobilities, wide band gap, high dielectric constant, and superconductivity, amongst others. In some cases, they are also earth abundant, environmentally benign, cost-effective, chemically stable, and compatible with low-cost wet-chemical synthesis routes. The focus of the book is on wearables manufactured using sustainable manufacturing methods and integrated into substrates that are flexible, inexpensive, recyclable, abundant, and lightweight, including polymer, textile, cellulose and cork substrates.

This book gives a complete overview of current developments in the nano drug delivery technology in the management of neurological disorders and brain diseases. The book is divided into three main sub-sections: A) Fundamental study on nanomaterials, nanocarriers, and nanoformulation-based drug delivery in neurological diseases management, B) Nano drug delivery therapy - a novel approach towards common neurological disorders and C) Novel nano delivery strategies in targeted neurological diseases management. This collective work presents diverse nano-based drug delivery technologies that are high-throughput, reliable, pioneering, and applicable to researchers of different countries despite their socio-economic conditions. It hopefully encourages researchers, innovators and policymaker to adapt nanomaterial-based drug delivery vehicles technologies using diverse nano-based formulation techniques as targeted therapy for treating and managing neurological disorders.

Toxicity of Nanoparticles - Recent Advances and New Perspectives covers all the important nanotechnological aspects of various metallic nanoparticles, including their growth and characterization, facile synthesis and fabrication, development, and potential applications for industrial, environmental, and healthcare purposes. Recent developments, innovative synthesis methods, metal oxides, drug delivery, bioengineering, microbiology, seafood and aquacultures, phytometallics, nanotoxicological assessment, immunotoxicity, and promising new frontiers around these advanced nanoscale materials are reviewed under the editorship of an internationally renowned scientist. This book is useful for a diverse range of readers and important for research organizations, government research centers, academic libraries, and those involved in the research and development of carbon materials.

"Fluid Dynamics" is a comprehensive guide to the principles and applications of fluid dynamics in engineering and environmental science. It covers topics such as fluid statics, kinematics, conservation laws, boundary layer theory, pipe flow, open channel flow, and more. Packed with case studies, experimental techniques, and future directions, this book is an essential resource for anyone interested in the fascinating world of fluid dynamics.

This book offers background material, reviews, and researched findings into the realms of minerals, mining, metallurgy, and engineering. Firstly, it elucidates fundamental mineral concepts, mining techniques, and mineral processing methods; secondly, it unveils cutting-edge insights on fine and coarse particle flotation, unveiling breakthrough technologies for enhanced efficiency; and thirdly, it explores the innovative applications of ultrasound and thermoluminescence in mineral processing, offering a holistic view of the latest advancements. This book sheds light on the versatile uses of silicones, the intricacies of bentonite clay, and the production pathways, properties, and applications of hydroxyapatite. Furthermore, the book provides invaluable insights into biomimetic biomineralization, the synthesis of low-carbon bio-cements, and the pioneering strides in mineral-based phase change materials.

This book explores the topic of gyrolite and calcium silicate hydrates, focusing on their potential applications in wastewater purification and as additives in ordinary Portland cement. Divided into five chapters, the book provides a comprehensive description of calcium silicate hydrates and addresses challenges in reusing solid waste. It also covers the synthesis and application of gyrolite, offering technological recommendations for future studies. The results presented are supported by instrumental analysis techniques and thermodynamic calculations, allowing readers to delve into inorganic chemistry and materials characterization. The book is suitable for both researchers and students interested in chemistry and materials characterization, offering valuable insights and guidance in the field.

¿Vehicle Vibrations: Linear and Nonlinear Analysis, Optimization, and Design is a self-contained textbook that offers complete coverage of vehicle vibration topics from basic to advanced levels. Written and designed to be used for automotive and mechanical engineering courses related to vehicles, the text provides students, automotive engineers, and research scientists with a solid understanding of the principles and application of vehicle vibrations from an applied viewpoint. Coverage includes everything you need to know to analyze and optimize a vehicle¿s vibration, including vehicle vibration components, vehicle vibration analysis, flat ride vibration, tire-road separations, and smart suspensions.

This volume ¿Cell Engineerring 11 - Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: Progress, Trends and Challenges¿ is a source of the latest innovative research and technical development in biomanufacturing systems. It is organised into 2 parts: 1) Manufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins (e.g. therapeutic antibodies, biosimilars/biogenerics) and 2) Manufacturing aspects of cell and gene therapy. Each with selected chapters on the following topics for both up- and downstream, such as: Advanced process strategies, especially continuous manufacturing, Advanced culture techniques, especially single-use systems, Process transfer, scale-up/scale-down models, Processing advances/Manufacturing productivity/efficiency, Model-assisted process understanding and development/Digital Twins, Process controls and analytics, Quality control, Quality by design, Facility design and full-scale commercial systems, manufacturing technology innovation.The book comprises contributions of experts from academia and industry active in the field of cell culture development for the production of recombinant proteins, cell therapy and gene therapy, with consideration of Digital Twin¿s and facility design. The knowledge and expertise of the authors cover disciplines like cell biology, engineering, biotechnology and biomedical sciences. Inevitably, some omissions will occur in the test, but the authors have sought to avoid duplications by extensive cross-referencing to chapters in other volumes of this series and elsewhere. We hope the volume provides a useful compendium of techniques for scientists in industrial and research laboratories active in this field.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) theory, its applications, and advanced techniques to improve the quality and speed of NMR data acquisition. In this book, the author expands his outstanding Ph.D. thesis and provides a valuable resource for researchers, professionals, and students in the field of NMR spectroscopy.The book covers quantum mechanics basics, and topics like density operators, pulse sequences, 1D pulse acquisition, INEPT (Insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarization transfer), product operators, and 2D NMR principles. It also explores innovative experiments like States HSQC (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence) and echo-antiecho HSQC with gradients.In the subsequent chapters, the author discusses Pure Shift NMR, including PSYCHE (Pure Shift Yielded by Chirp Excitation) and its optimizations, such as waveform parameterization and time-reversal methods. The 'Discrete PSYCHE' approach and Ultrafast PSYCHE-iDOSY (Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy) are also highlighted.This book presents the POISE (Parameter Optimisation by Iterative Spectral Evaluation) software for real-time NMR experiment optimization, including pulse width calibration and Ernst angle optimization, and demonstrates applications across various NMR experiments.Lastly, the book examines accelerated 2D NMR data collection and the NOAH (NMR by Ordered Acquisition using 1H detection) supersequences, emphasizing automated pulse program creation using GENESIS (GENEration of Supersequences In Silico). Covered NMR experiments include 13C sensitivity-enhanced HSQC, 15N HMQC (Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence), dual HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY (Total Correlation Spectroscopy), HMBC (Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation), and ADEQUATE (Adequate Sensitivity Double-Quantum Spectroscopy).

This proceedings book encompass a wide range of significant topics within the realms of Technologies, Engineering, Management, and Production, Entrepreneurship, Materials, Textiles, Fashion, and more. The book delves into various areas of Energetics, exploring aspects such as power production, solar power, wind turbines, advanced energetics technologies, energy resource efficiency, global warming and emissions, clean and renewable energies, as well as economic development, global warming, and environmental protections. The Constructions and Transport section features discussions on numerical methods for data manipulation, construction science and technology, transport systems, modeling of transport systems, intelligent transport, traffic management and safety. The Materials segment addresses materials science and application, biopolymers and biotechnology, metallic and composite materials, metallurgical engineering, recycling, manufacturing, and processing of various materials suchas paper, plastics, rubber, glass, ceramics, and more. Management and Production topics include technology management, logistic and supply chain management, total quality management, knowledge and innovation management, financial management, marketing research and strategy, industrial marketing, operational research, project management, as well as information technology in enterprises, e-activities, and e-commerce. The book also features an extensive section dedicated to Textiles, covering textile processing and testing, technological advances in the textile industry, ecology and environment in textile production, fiber physics and textile mechanics, finishing, dyeing, and treatment techniques, modeling and simulation, smart and interactive textiles, technical and protective textiles, textile design, fashion, and garment manufacturing, innovations in textile education, as well as leather and footwear technologies.

Rubber Composites: Recycling, Processing, Properties, Design and Applications provides an extensive review of recent advances in this important research field. The book's chapters cover the processing, structure, properties, and applications of rubber-based composites, which are versatile materials, that with the appropriate design planning, manufacturing process, and properties can be tailored to meet specific industrial requirements with enhanced performance and sustainability. This book will be a valuable reference source for academic and industrial researchers, materials scientists and engineers, polymer chemists, and industrial manufacturers working in the research and development of rubber-based composites.

Finite Element Analysis of Polymers and its Composites offers up-to-date and significant findings on the finite element analysis of polymers and its composite materials. It is important to point out that to date there are no books that have been published on this concept. Thus, academicians, researchers, scientists, engineers, and students in the similar field will benefit from this highly applications-oriented book that summarizes the experimental, mathematical, and numerical analysis of polymers and composite materials through the finite element method. The book provides detailed and comprehensive information on mechanical properties, fatigue and creep behavior, thermal behavior, vibrational analysis, testing methods, and their modeling techniques. In addition, the book lists the main industrial sectors in which polymers and composite materials simulation is used, and their gains from it, including aeronautics, medical, aerospace, automotive, naval, energy, civil, sports, manufacturing, and even electronics.

Gold Nanoparticles, Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites: Science, Technology and Applications provides a comprehensive review of recent research developments in the synthesis, processing, functionalization, characterization, and properties of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) for a broad range of different applications. Emphasis is placed on the fundamental chemistry, different synthesis approaches, strategies for stabilization and control of shape size and morphology, surface chemistry and physicochemical characteristics, as well as surface functionalization and applications of Au NPs. The book also covers important topics such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, cytotoxicity and the health and environmental impact of Au NPs. The book will be a valuable reference resource for academic and industrial researchers working in the fields of materials science and engineering, nanomaterials, polymer composites, and biomedical engineering.

Basalt fiber possesses many superior properties, such as excellent mechanical properties, high resistance to the chemical, temperature and environmental attacks, and outstanding electrical and sound insulation. In addition, it is cost-effective and environmentally friendly because the raw materials are widely found in nature and the fiber can be discarded into the environment without any negative effect. Basalt fiber has attracted great attention as reinforcement for composites in recent years, and developed materials have been extensively used in transportation, automobile, aerospace, and civil engineering.Despite its many attractive attributes, and the contributions of basalt fiber, there are still numerous challenges to be addressed in terms of preparation, properties, and application. In addition, some of the merits of this high-performance fiber reported in the literature are usually inconsistent and incomplete, where intuition often prevails over rationality.High Performance Basalt Fiber: Fundamentals and Applications provides a comprehensive and systematic review of the latest developments in this important research field. It offers a complete and thorough analysis of the correlation between the structure and properties of basalt fiber, as well as key methods and technologies for the preparation and application of this fiber and it related composites. There is also a detailed overview of the history of basalt fiber, as well functionalization and recent state-of-art progress on basalt fiber and its corresponding composites. The book will thus fill a gap in the field, in terms of not only covering the theory but more importantly the latest technologies.

Green Analytical Chemistry: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Sample Preparation presents the state-of-the-art in the field of GAC sample preparation procedures. With a focus on green chemistry, the book highlights how new techniques make it possible to observe a lower environmental impact without sacrificing the performance of the procedure. By proving a theoretical background of novel green technologies and proposing new protocols, this book addresses innovative methodologies in analytical chemistry and sample preparation following the requirements of green analytical chemistry demands. It is a valuable resource for researchers, chemist, students, and all those interested in the allied field.

Copper Oxides and Related Materials: Properties, Synthesis, and Applications provides a thorough description of the physical, structural, electrophysical, chemical, electronic, and biological properties of copper oxides in one convenient volume. The book focuses on human and environmental aspects, paying particular attention to health, environmental remediation, electronic applications, energy storage, and solar energy conversion. Copper oxides are widely used in many applications such as antibacterial, antimicrobial, and anticancer treatments; as biocide agents against phytopathogens or hospital-acquired diseases; and, they are also a standard material used for superconductivity. This volume thoroughly explores the most exciting and relevant applications of copper oxides, a class of material with a sometimes bewilderingly wide array of potential uses.

Advances in Functionalized Polymer Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications presents a detailed review on the synthesis, fundamental chemistry, properties, and applications of these high-performance materials. The book's introductory chapter provides a brief overview of the various types of organic and inorganic nanofillers used for the synthesis of polymer nanocomposites. Emphasis is placed on their fundamental chemistry, processing methods, functionalization, and/or surface modification strategies. The dispersion state and their specific interaction with polymer matrices is also discussed in detail, as well as characterization techniques for functionalized nanofillers and functionalized polymer nanocomposites, and their properties, and applications.The book will be a valuable reference source for scientists, engineers, and postgraduate students working in the field of polymer science and technology, materials science and engineering, composites, and nanocomposites.

Sustainable Innovations in the Textile Industry addresses advances taking place at every stage of the textile value chain that are leading to improvements in sustainability and resource efficiency. It contains comprehensive coverage of the complete textile process sequence, including fiber to textile manufacture and wet processing techniques, such as dyeing, printing, finishing, coating and cleaning. In addition, it also provides the latest industry knowledge on technological advances in textile machinery, supply chain, recycling, effluent discharge, and other innovations that enhance sustainability. This holistic approach is required to effectively address the sustainability issue, which requires action across the value chain.Having included historical aspects of sustainability in textiles as well as the state of the art in innovative fibers, chemicals and manufacturing processes, this book is essential reading for anyone interested in sustainable directions in the textile industry.