Materialelære

This new proceedings discusses developments in air, gas and refrigeration compressors, vacuum pumps, and expanders. It is the 13th edition of the International Conference on Compressors and their Systems, a three-day conference organised by the Centre for Compressors Technology at City, University of London in collaboration with, among other, the MEchE, IIR, and IOR.The conference offers a platform to identify current challenges in the field and provide the essential content and direction to shape future research. The International Conference on Compressors and their Systems series began in 1999 as a result of industrial consultation and a need for academic collaboration. Initially, the conference was organised by the Fluid Machinery Group of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) with the support of Holroyd. From 2009, the Centre for Compressor Technology at City, University of London took over its management and the conference is now one of the main conventions,taking place biennially in the UK, becoming world-renowned for its place in industry and academia to gather and discuss a broad range of topical issues related to compressors and compression systems.This year's conference has the theme "Compressors and Expanders in Future Energy Systems¿ and will be of interest to researchers and engineers in industry.

Copper has been an important metal throughout history. Initially, it was used as raw material for the manufacture of tools, weapons, ornamental objects, and more. The later discovery of copper alloys, such as bronze and brass, extended the use of this metal alloy to many different fields based on its mechanical, corrosion, and wear resistance. Nowadays, copper is mainly used in the electrical and thermal conductivity fields, although new uses are being discovered. This book provides a comprehensive overview of copper in two sections on copper mining and processing and copper applications.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool that enables engineers and scientists to simulate fluid flows in a variety of applications, including thermal engineering, biomedical engineering, and environmental modeling. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to CFD, encompassing fundamental theory, mathematical and numerical techniques, and practical applications. The book begins by systematically introducing the basic concepts and terminology of CFD, such as the continuity equation, Navier-Stokes equations, energy equation, source/sink terms, and types of grids. The mathematical and numerical methods utilized to solve the CFD governing equations, including the finite difference method and the finite volume method, are then described in a beginner-friendly manner, accompanied by vivid and straightforward graphical illustrations. In addition to covering the foundation of CFD theory, the book presents several practical applications of CFD in diverse fields such as biomedical modeling, renewable energy, and thermal engineering. To extract useful information, the simulated CFD results need to be analyzed and visualized. Therefore, the book demonstrates common post-processing and visualization techniques, such as contour plots, streamlines, vectors, and charts. Overall, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to CFD, encompassing the essential theory, methods, and applications, making it an ideal choice as a textbook for graduate and post-graduate students or a reference for researchers and engineers working on CFD simulations.

In this guide, you'll learn what this hobby is all about, why it has become so popular, what you'll need to get started, and so much more!Learning to use a metal detector will allow you to unearth all sorts of interesting and possibly valuable items! Coins, precious metals, jewelry, artifacts, war relics - with a metal detector and a little know-how who knows what you'll find right under your feet? You'll definitely have fun and you might even make a few bucks along the way! You will learn:How to find valuable gold, silver and jewelry from homeHow to determine if the item is real or fakeHow to determine the exact value of gold, silver and jewelryHow to buy valuable items for a fraction of their worthThe type of metal detector you get depends upon where you plan on going and what you want to find. Some detectors are especially effective in areas where there is lots of buried trash while others are specifically designed to locate gold. Think about the areas you plan on traveling to in order to carry out your hunts for treasure and understand how the various frequencies of metal detectors play a role in terms of its effectiveness with certain types of ground and metals.

Pulsed Laser-Induced Nanostructures in Liquids for Energy and Environmental Applications covers the fundamental insights on the mechanism of pulsed laser techniques by considering various experimental conditions to accelerate hypotheses that are appropriate for the production of efficient nanomaterials. From this book, readers will learn about the major advancements in the field of pulsed laser technologies, current applications, and their future impact. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the development of nanostructured catalytic materials via pulsed laser techniques, their use as energy- and environment-related applications, and their present trend in the industry and market. In addition, this book highlights the latest advances related to the application of these nanostructured materials produced via pulsed laser in liquid techniques in various energy (supercapacitor, batteries, and hydrogen production) and environmental remediation (wastewater treatment and conversion of waste into value-added product) processes. Recent progress on several kinds of both photo- and electroactive nanomaterials is reviewed, along with essential aspects that govern catalytic behaviors and corresponding stability. This book is a key reference for researchers, graduate students, and engineers working in the field of nanotechnology as well as materials scientists interested in renewable energy and environmental science.

This book focuses on the strategies and methods for quality control of Chinese medicines used in prevention and treatment of diseases for thousands of years in China and East Asia. It explains various strategies and methods for quality markers discovery and herbal glycoanalysis, as well as practices for control of heavy metal and pesticide residues. Strategies to overcome the shortage of reference compounds for quality control of Chinese medicines are also provided. The book also introduces analytical techniques for different analytes in Chinese medicines with an emphasis on sample preparation in automation and high extraction efficiency methods, the key process affecting the time and accuracy of the techniques. It is of interest to quality control scientists in academia and industry working on Chinese medicines and/or herbal medicine and also pharmacists, pharmacologists, food chemists, and nutritionists who want to understand Chinese medicines.

This book presents a newly designed dynamic fluidic sprinkler (DFS) to improve hydraulic performance of the existing complete fluidic sprinkler (CFS) under low-pressure conditions. Sprinkler irrigation has high prospects for improving water management in crop production. In recent years, low-pressure water-saving has become an important research content in the field of sprinkler irrigation. It introduces the effect of riser height on rotation uniformity and application rate of the dynamic fluidic sprinkler. It also discusses the intelligent sprinkler irrigation technologies for autonomous and remote sensing system. This book will be a useful reference for researchers and professionals in the field of agriculture and irrigation.

"Packed with examples and illustrations to describe complex concepts and mathematical derivations, and including end-of-chapter problems with helpful hints, this thorough and accessible textbook is the ideal introduction to continuum thermodynamics for senior undergraduate and graduate students of mechanical, aeronautical and civil engineering"--

Waste-Based Zeolite: Synthesis and Environmental Applications focuses on the use of waste-based materials to fabricate zeolite and its subsequent use in environmental applications. It presents recent progress in zeolite synthesis using wastes products such as fly ash, steel slag, biomass waste, water treatment plant sludge, and municipal waste, among others. It discusses the application of waste-based zeolite for environmental applications such as biodiesel production, as well as considering techniques for recovering spent zeolite. Many industries produce substantial quantities of waste material comprising various hazardous constituents that lead to pollution and threaten the environment. However, such waste can often be a rich source of precursor ingredients for zeolite synthesis, and waste-based zeolites could potentially provide an economically and environmentally viable alternative to commercially available zeolites. This book illuminates this fascinating avenue of research.

Rehabilitation of Metallic Structural Systems Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites, Second Edition provides comprehensive knowledge on the application of FRPs in various types of metallic field structures. Part I provides an overview of the various types of materials and systems and discusses the durability of bonds. Part II focuses on materials-level considerations, such as corrosion and mechanical behavior, putty effects on the effectiveness of pipeline systems, laser joining and the use of carbon and basalt FRP for underwater repair. Building on Part II, the final three sections focus on applications of FRP composites to steel components and various infrastructure systems. This book will be a standard reference for civil engineers, designers, materials scientists, and other professionals who are involved in the rehabilitation of metallic structures using fiber reinforced polymer composites.

Nano-refrigerants and Nano-lubricants: Fundamentals and Applications provides an overview of nano-refrigerants and nano-lubricants, their synthesis, characterization, and influence of nanoparticles on the thermophysical properties. The book also describes the theoretical modeling and correlations using artificial intelligence, along with the effect of all these parameters on potential applications. Future challenges and research directions are thoroughly addressed by authors. Nano-refrigerants and Nano-lubricants are a novel class of nanofluids containing a mixture of nanoparticles, lubricant, and refrigerant, and because of their enhanced heat transfer properties, they have a broad potential range of residential and commercial applications.

Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications explores the use of chitosan-based nanoparticles as a sustainable solution for the development of improved therapeutic and diagnostic techniques. A range of biomedical applications is reviewed, including treatment against highly resistant bacteria and parasites; tissue regeneration; drug delivery, and more. Moreover, the application of chitosan-based nanoparticles for the effective delivery of hormones, vaccines, phytochemicals, nutraceuticals, and their application in immobilization of enzymes is also discussed in detail. This book provides a state-of-the-art overview for materials scientists, pharmaceutical scientists, and researchers with an interest in the development of novel materials for therapeutics.

Polymeric Nanofibers and their Composites: Recent Advances and Applications covers the fundamentals, synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of natural and synthetic nanofibers and their related composites. The book covers industrial, biological, and environmental applications, including biomedical, wastewater treatment, energy storage and conversions, gas adsorption, supercapacitors, electrocatalysis, electronics, sensors, batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, water splitting, catalysis, separation, and purification. With an international author base, this book can be considered a valuable reference resource for academic and industrial researchers, materials scientists, and engineers, and all those working in the fabrication of nanofibers, design of nanomaterials, and polymers, composites, and their related industrial applications.

Machining Principles for Shape Generation of Metals explains the basics of machining techniques and metal cutting, as well as the Laplace transform and how it can be applied to understand complex machining processes. The book provides an overview of all machining processes from a geometric perspective, with an emphasis on producing superior parts. Mechanics, vibration control, processing mechanics, thermal deformation, and numerical control principles for metal cutting are each reviewed, with details on the principle of cutting away, forced and self-excited vibration, and the physical properties of workpiece and tool materials. Common questions and answers are provided throughout the book to reinforce learning of key concepts.

Hydrogels in Drug Delivery: Advances in the Manufacture, Characterization, and Application of Hydrogels to Address Current Global Healthcare Challenges presents the latest advances in hydrogels, ranging from their basic chemistry to specific application of existing and novel hydrogels in controlled drug delivery and biomedicine. Hydrogels have been increasingly used in the development of novel formulations in a wide variety of therapeutic and monitoring applications. Multidisciplinary work carried out by researchers working in synthetic chemistry, drug delivery, biomedicine and other fields has led to the development of novel polymers, enabling the preparation of hydrogels with adjustable physicochemical properties. Accordingly, these materials offer multiple advantages over other drug delivery systems, including an increased patient compliance by reducing the required number of medication doses, reducing the healing time in injuries, and simplifying patient monitoring by reducing the invasiveness of current methods. Hydrogels in Drug Delivery is an essential resource for graduate students and researchers working within drug delivery and synthetic chemistry, biomedicine, material science, pharmacology, and chemical engineering.

Emerging Sensors for Environmental Monitoring presents a comprehensive overview of chemical sensors, ranging from the choice of material to sensor validation, modeling, simulation, and manufacturing. It discusses the process of data collection by intelligent techniques such as deep learning and multivariate analysis, incorporates different types of sensors, and discusses each under a common set of sub-sections so that readers can fully understand the advantages and disadvantages of the relevant transducers-depending on the design, transduction mode, and final applications. This book provides a practical reference for Scientists, Researchers, Students, and Practitioners to deepen their knowledge base on the management of emerging contaminants, degradation of air, soil and water quality and indicators of ecological degradation.

Electrochemical potassium storage explores the principles, materials, and technological developments of a variety of battery technologies based on electrochemical potassium storage. It covers the principles of potassium-ion batteries (organic and aqueous electrolytes), potassium metal batteries, potassium-sulfur (selenium) batteries, and potassium-oxygen batteries, as well as the development of the electrode materials of these batteries and the understanding of electrochemical cell operations. Batteries using potassium ions as the charge carrier to store energy operate via different electrochemical processes and have different features of materials electrochemistry compared to lithium-based batteries. Thus, battery technologies based on electrochemical potassium storage exhibit different performance strengths, potentially having diverse market applications. This is particularly important for the search for environmentally and economically sustainable alternatives to conventional lithium-ion batteries in a wide range of applications. This book presents the state-of-the-art development of potassium-based batteries and in-depth discussion on their structure-to-performance relationships.

Sensory Polymers: From their Design to Practical Applications discusses recent developments in the field of sensory polymers and showcases the potential applications of these materials in food control and security, civil security, the biomedical field, environmental control and remediation, industrial control of chemicals, and more. Written by worldwide experts in the field, chapters provide in-depth knowledge on several different polymer sensors and their response to different stimuli, which makes this book a valuable resource for researchers and advanced students in polymer science, materials science, and chemistry, as well as those interested on sensing applications and chemical sensory systems, including industry R&D.

Nanozymes: Approachable Bio-applications provides an in-depth overview of nanozymes, with a special focus on nanozymes synthesis and their various applications in biological sciences. The book starts with introductory chapters exploring the enzymatic mechanism of nanozymes and providing the concept of engineering to surface modification to achieve enhanced nanozymatic properties. Subsequent chapters focus on the application of nanozymes in many different fields, including biomedical science, agriculture, environmental science and more.This work is an important reference source for worldwide materials scientists and researchers interested on the resent developments, challenges, and future directions of nanozymes research.

This book is a groundbreaking exploration that unveils the secrets hidden within the nanoscale realm of titanium oxides. Authored byTapassya thakur this comprehensive book explores the potential spectroscopy techniques that illuminate the extraordinary capabilities of titanium oxides as photocatalysts.Photocatalysis, the process by which light triggers chemical reactions, has emerged as a revolutionary technology with applications ranging from environmental remediation to energy conversion. At the forefront of this innovation is titanium oxide, a versatile and powerful material that exhibits remarkable photocatalytic properties. This book explores in detail of titanium oxide's photocatalytic prowess, unraveling its mysteries through the lens of potential spectroscopy.Readers will explore the principles and methodologies of potential spectroscopy as applied to titanium oxides. The author expertly guide both novice researchers and seasoned scientists through the intricacies of experimental techniques, providing a detailed roadmap for the characterization and understanding of photocatalytic processes at the molecular level.

This volume presents the recent developments in synthetic biodegradable and biobased polymers. The syntheses of many polymer types such as polyesters and polyamides, and also their processing technologies are discussed herein, and new aspects from fundamental and from industrial research are covered. This combination of both perspectives within this volume will be of interest for many research scientists from academia and industry and also for lectures and teachers. Chapters ''BioPBSTM (Polybutylene succinate)'' and ''Polymer biodegradability 2.0: A holistic view on polymer biodegradation in natural and engineered environments'' are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com. For further details see license information in the chapter.

This book presents the current status and future prospects of rare earth elements with respect to a multitude of factors, including resource availability, production, and applications. Among the topics covered are the extraction of raw materials, alloying and compound production, applications, resource conservation through recycling, regulatory issues, and potential new resource streams. The chapters are authored by well-known technical experts in their fields, with decades of research, industrial, and governmental policy experience. The book is expected to serve as the first single source reference on rare earth minerals and metals aimed at students, scientists, technologists, government legislators, regulatory agencies, investors, and business leaders. It provides in-depth examination of the importance of rare earth elements to the global economy and their use in technological innovation, including energy, power, transportation, medicine, electronics, and chemical/petroleum industries.

This book explains the basic principles of recycling and circularity in textiles. With the emergence of "quick fashion," textile manufacturing has expanded significantly over the past few decades. The importance of textiles to human society goes beyond their practical uses in providing warmth, protection, and comfort. Therefore, the usage and production of textiles are enhanced substantially compared to the past globally. As a result, rates of textile production and trash output have grown drastically. The other side of the story is the drastic rate at which they are dumped into landfills which is almost a garbage truck every second. If this alarming trend continues, there will be serious environmental consequences. It is well known that the textile sector is recognized as the second largest industrial polluter in the world, producing 20% of the global wastewater and accounting for 10% of carbon emissions. Additionally, harmful chemicals are utilized and emitted during the manufacture of textiles, which has an impact on ecosystems and public health The last 150 years of the textile industrial system fundamentally follow the "take-make-dispose" principle, in which resources are continuously taken out of a natural system (take), changed during production (make), and used for various purposes within the human system (use), and then released back into the environment (dispose of). In this way, manufacturing industries produce waste-producing commodities to make money, which eventually has a negative impact leading to the lack of resources resulting in price volatility, uncertainty, and economic crises. This book consists of 11 potential chapters to cover all the aspects of ¿circularity in textiles.¿

Functionalized Nanoclays: Synthesis and Design for Industrial Applications presents a thorough and in-depth overview of functionalized nanoclays, from an introductory presentation of different nanoclays and their characterization, to their properties, synthesis, fabrication methods, and applications in various industries. The book begins with an introduction to functionalized nanoclays and their composites that is followed by sections dedicated to theoretical aspects and material synthesis. Subsequent chapters cover a broad range of industrial applications, including pollution remediation, sensing, drug delivery, food packaging, and much more. Following sections discuss recent progress in commercialization and standardization for functionalized nanoclays at both experimental and theoretical model scales. The book's final chapter presents research advances and future perspective for functionalized nanoclays as a replacement for traditional materials in diverse applications.

Additive Manufacturing of Polymer-based Composite Materials: Materials, Processes, and Properties presents the latest developments in additive manufacturing of polymer matrix composites and illustrates the large range of composite materials that can be obtained. Different technologies are presented with their own specificities such as: fused filament fabrication, wet fiber placement, stereolithography, and direct-ink-writing. Composites with chopped or continuous reinforcement, with synthetic or natural fibers, with thermoplastic or thermoset resin are compared and described in detail. Their thermal, physical, electrical, and mechanical properties are discussed.The book is dedicated to professionals involved in engineering design and production, as well as industrial communities who want to gain in-depth knowledge in the field of 3D printed composites.

This book delves into optics and photonic materials, describing the development of an intelligent all-optical system capable of replicating the functional building blocks of the biological brain. Starting with an analysis of biological neuronal dynamics and traversing the state of the art of neuromorphic systems developed to date, the book arrives at a description of neural networks realized through spatial soliton technology.After a brief introduction to the biology of neural networks (Chapter 1), the book delves into the description of the neuromorphic problem emphasizing the peculiarities of optical hardware developed to date. (Chapter 2). Chapter 3 is dedicated to the description of psychomemories , which represent the modeling of human learning according to the theories of modern neuro-psychology. This chapter provides the prerequisites for understanding how solitonic neural networks (SNNs) are able to learn and how they approach biological models. Chapter 4 focuses on the experimentation of solitonic optic neurons in thin layers of lithium niobate. Optical techniques for supervised and unsupervised learning are discussed. The entire chapter is accompanied by theoretical, simulative and experimental results. This chapter explains how an X-junction neuron is able to establish synapses, modify them, or erase them. The erasure of solitonic structures represents an important innovation in the field of nonlinear optics. Finally, Chapter 5 reports on the implementation of a network of neurons capable of processing information and storing it exactly as a human episodic memory does. The chapter ends with a number of insights into the lines of research that are currently being pursued on the basis of the results obtained.The book is meant for graduate students and researchers in the fields of optics, photonic applications, and biology. However, the main beneficiaries of this book are senior researchers in the fieldof nonlinear optics and artificial intelligence. To fully understand the results, it is important to have a basic knowledge of optical physics and neuron biology.

This book reports on advances in applied mechanics research and applications. It covers methods, modeling, and simulation tools for products design, material behavior analysis, and for optimizing production processes. It also reports on cutting-edge techniques for increasing performance of mechanical systems. The book gathers selected contributions to the 11th International Congress for Applied Mechanics (JET¿2022), held on November 16-18, 2022, in Marrakech, Morocco. The congress was organized by the Franco-Maghreb Association of Mechanics and Materials (AF3M) with the close collaboration of the Moroccan Society of Mechanical Sciences (SMSM). Overall, this book gives a special emphasis to theoretical and practical advances in mechanics, supporting sustainable and environmentally friendly development. It covers applications in transportation, building engineering, bioengineering and manufacturing.