Lingvistik

The main assumption proposed in this book is that legislative drafting represents an example of professional discourse, where the propositions of specialized information is translated into meanings, and such meanings are given as input to the rules and strategies of grammatical formulation. A relevant question for our understanding of modern legislative process is related to the effects of ¿context¿ at different levels, within which legislative process takes place. By looking at those levels, the analysis conducted in the book demonstrates that it becomes possible to reach a deeper understanding of the professional groups taking part in the process, better assess the lexico-grammatical and textual features of its final product (i.e., normative texts), and suggest alternative linguistic and textual strategies aimed at making texts more accessible to potential readers and/or intended users.

This book provides a start of defining the uni- and multi-phonational tone systems of geographically-connected dialects under a phonation-pitch tonal model. It also demonstrates an interpretation of the contemporary ongoing tonal variations and varieties from the perspective of language evolution. Acoustic data are collected from five adjacent counties on the Jianghan Plain in China, where two varieties of Southwestern Mandarin and one variety of Gan Dialect are spoken. Falsetto and breathy phonations are applied in this area for phonological distinction, and thus the modal-only dialects co-occur with the di-phonational (falsetto and modal) and tri-phonational (falsetto, modal, and breathy) ones. The acoustic and perceptual analyses are conducted to define tones under the Multi-Register Four-Level Tonal Model, a frame considering both pitch and phonation for the definition of tones. The synchronic variations and varieties within and across speakers/dialects are interpreted in the dynamic interplay of tones mainly governed by phonetic and phonological reasons. The inner-system tonal differences of individual dialectal varieties together with the general distributive patterns of tones in this area are evaluated to determine the paths of tone evolution.Fresh for it exploring the definition and linguistic meaning of the dynamic modal- and non-modal tones, the book benefits researchers with data, research methods, and insight and helps the language teachers and learners understand and learn tones with what the lexical tones really are. The book is also written for the readers curious of tones and tone languages.

This book draws on real-world case studies to highlight key challenges and support the crafting of relevant and contextual responses. There is increasing pressure on academics and teaching staff to provide high-quality teaching and delivery in English. More than an edited volume, it offers a true dialogue on emerging trends in EMI, making it of considerable value to practitioners, students and policymakers alike. By analyzing established and emerging models of EMI delivery, the book presents a review and assessment of how universities can respond to student expectations and build internal capacities so as to offer better learning experiences.

The present book features some introductory discussions on martial arts for the international audience and highlights in brief the complexities of translating the genre into English, often from a comparative literature perspective. Martial arts, also known as Kungfu or Wushu, refer to different families of Chinese fighting styles over many centuries. Martial arts fiction, or Wuxia literature, is a unique genre that depicts adventures of martial artists in ancient China. Understanding martial arts and the Chinese culture and philosophy behind them creates an intriguing experience, particularly, for non-Chinese readers; translating the literature into English poses unparalleled challenges for translators not only because of the culture embedded in it but also the fascinating martial arts moves and captivating names of many characters therein.

Translation of: èAèa: manifiestos sobre la diversidad linguistica.

The first edited collection to offer a systematic introduction to African phenomenology.

"Aeolic and Aeolians explores the origin of an ancient Greek language and the beginnings and evolution of the community of its speakers - the Aeolians. Roger Woodard argues that the starting point for both is situated in Asia Minor during the period of the Late Bronze Age"--

How can one speak and act in ways that overcome entrenched social conflicts? In polarized societies, some insist that the survival of democracy depends on people abiding by rules of civility and mutual respect. Others argue that the political situation is so dire that one's values need to be fought for by any means necessary. Across the political spectrum, people feel like they need to choose between the morality of dialogue and the effectiveness of protest. Beyond Civility in Social Conflict makes an important intervention in this debate. Taking insights from nonviolent direct action, it provides a model for advocacy that is both compassionate and critical. Successful communicators can help their opponents by dismantling the illusions and unjust systems that impede human flourishing and pit people against one another. The final chapter turns specifically to Christian ethics, and what it means to 'love your enemies' by disagreeing with them.

This book presents physical theory of speech production contained in Acoustics of Speech Production by R. S. McGowan and On Formants by R. S. McGowan in a largely non-mathematical way. New mathematics is presented in Appendices. There are a series of linguistic examples that are present illustrating how the physical theory illuminates understanding of phonetic processes, and, to some extent, phonological models. The physical theory is presented as mechanics instead of the usual electrical analogs, and it covers both the filtering of acoustic waves, as well as sources for the acoustics, such as voicing and air turbulence. Tissue vibration during speech is also reviewed. The linguistic examples include issues in speech development, vowel acoustic sensitivity in studies of delayed auditory feedback, hyper-articulation, and vowel tenseness. Also source-tract interaction, weak fricatives, future inverse modeling, and speech perception are considered.

Bereits Jacob Grimm bemerkte im Band 2 seiner Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (1848), dass adjektivische Genuskongruenz mit gemischtgeschlechtlichem Personenbezug in den älteren Sprachstufen des Deutschen häufig das Neutrum aufweist. Askedal (1973) widmete diesem Thema eine ausführliche Studie auf Basis kritischer Editionen einer Handvoll alt- und mittelhochdeutscher literarischen Werke. Die Standardwerke zur historischen Grammatik des Deutschen beschränken sich bislang darauf, diese Regel undifferenziert nach grammatischem Kontext lediglich zu konstatieren. Die vorliegende Studie zeichnet das Phänomen der Gender Resolution (Corbett 1983) im Mittelhochdeutschen nach. Dies geschieht auf handschriftennaher Grundlage anhand der Geschäftsprosa der Urkunden des Corpus der altdeutschen Originalurkunden bis zum Jahr 1300 (Wilhelm et al. 1932¿2004) sowie der erst seit wenigen Jahren verfügbaren Transkriptionen der Haupthandschriften aller drei Rezensionen der Kaiserchronik als literarischem Vergleichstext. Die Studie setzt sich zum Ziel, bestehendes Wissen über dieses grammatische Phänomen zu validieren und im Rahmen eines zeitgemäßen grammatiktheoretischen Modells zu reflektieren. Zu diesem Zweck wird systematisch Variation in der Kongruenzform des Quantors mittelhochdeutsch b¿ide ¿beide¿, der sich auf ein Referentenpaar bezieht, in den typischen Kontexten seines Auftretens hinsichtlich morphologischer, semantischer und syntaktischer Zusammenhänge detailliert untersucht. Already Jacob Grimm noted in volume 2 of his Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (1848) that adjectival forms with reference to mixed-gender human groups often showed neuter agreement in the historical stages of German. Askedal (1973) as well dedicated an extensive study to this issue, based on critical editions of a handful of Old and Middle High German literary texts. Standard reference works on historical German grammar so far merely state the rule without further differentiation by grammatical context. This survey traces the phenomenon of gender resolution (Corbett 1983) in Middle High German. Evidence is collected on a true-to-manuscript basis consisting of the businesslike prose of the Corpus der altdeutschen Originalurkunden bis zum Jahr 1300 (Wilhelm et al 1932¿2004) as well as the main manuscripts of all three recensions of the Kaiserchronik as a literary object of comparison, transcriptions of which have only in recent years been made available. The survey aims to validate existing knowledge on this grammatical phenomenon and to reflect on it in a modern grammar-theoretical framework. For this purpose, variation in the agreement form of Middle High German b¿ide ¿both¿, which refers to a pair of antecedents, is evaluated systematically and in great detail in its typical use contexts with regard to morphological, semantic, and syntactic circumstances.

This work describes the grammar of Gayogöhó:nö¿ (Gayogöhó:nö¿néha:¿, Cayuga), an ¿gweh¿¿weh (Iroquoian) language spoken at Six Nations, Ontario, Canada. Topics include Gayogöhó:nö¿néha:¿ morphology (word formation); pronominal prefix selection, meaning, and pronunciation; syntax (fixed word order); and discourse (the effects of free word order and noun incorporation, and the use of particles). Gayogöhó:nö¿néha:¿ morphophonology and sentence-level phonology are also described where relevant in the grammar. Finally, the work includes noun, verb, and particle dictionaries, organized according to the categories outlined in the grammatical description, as well as lists of cultural terms and phrases.

Where is the space for contemporary environmentalism when both the utopian promises of a clean and pure earthly Eden and the dystopian prophecies of an environmental apocalypse have failed to be fully realized? Rather than falling into one of these familiar environmental categories, contemporary space is configured, as this book outlines, as heterotopia, an in-between space of dissonance, where encounters with waste are a daily occurrence and where dirty matter refuses to submit to human demands and intentions. Through an exploration of a series of spaces in which acts of leisure and recreation are configured alongside vibrant dirty matter, this book explores how contemporary heterotopia offer entanglements with a dirty other that promote novel opportunities for humans to ethically respond and be responsible to the continued presence of waste and to generate a sense of ecological care for a dirty world. In doing so, the book urges readers away from a utopian vision of what the environment should be and instead asks how we can ethically exist within and around the dirtied environment as it is. This book will be of interest to scholars of cultural studies, environmental rhetorics, and environmental ethics.

Este libro, centrado en el estudio de los adverbios, es el resultado de un trabajo en colaboración de marcado carácter multidisciplinar y trata cuestiones gramaticales y semánticas que afectan a estas unidades léxicas, como no podía ser de otra manera, pero también pragmáticas, sin olvidar, además, que el español, como todas las lenguas, está sometido a la variación diacrónica. Los investigadores participantes se han centrado, por un lado, en el análisis de determinadas unidades adverbiales que no han recibido atención anteriormente. Por otro lado, llevan a cabo una reflexión profunda sobre cuestiones concretas y acuciantes para las que, en su opinión, los fundamentos conceptuales y las metodologías específicas de su área de especialización permiten arrojar nueva luz.

Im 19. Jahrhundert trat die Genealogie als führende Methode hervor, historisch wandelbare Systeme wie z.B. Sprachen, biologische Arten, Religionen und sogenannte "Rassen" zu organisieren. Genealogisches Denken bestimmt Begriffe durch ihre Differenzierung von anderen. Das ist ein Verfahren, das keine Singularitäten, sondern nur Verwandtschaftsnetze hervorbringt. In solchen Systemen wirken Geschwisterbegriffe , also benachbarte Begriffe, die weder identisch noch absolut verschieden sind, als aktive Störungszone. Sie sind füreinander nötig, aber auch destabilisierend. Engelstein verbindet eine weitreichende Geistesgeschichte mit detaillierten Analysen aus den neuen Disziplinen der Lebens- und Humanwissenschaften und bezieht sich dabei unter anderem auf literarische Werke von Goethe, Schiller, Percy Shelley, George Eliot, Richard Wagner und Thomas Mann. Sie erläutert die Folgen dieses Paradigmawechsels für die Auffassung von Subjektivität, Staats- und Wirtschaftswissenschaft und für die Klassifizierung von Menschen, ob biologisch oder philologisch. Das Buch bietet eine neue Theorie über die Struktur modernen Wissens: Eine Theorie, die die Grenzen von Subjektivität und Gruppenidentitäten durchlässig macht, um eine Grundlage für flexiblere Formen von Zugehörigkeit, Selbstidentifizierung und Wissensbildung zu erschaffen.

This book highlights the importance of individual learner differences in learning English as a foreign language and reports the findings of a study which investigated the impact of two personality traits, which are, openness to experience and ambiguity tolerance, on target language attainment among Polish secondary school students. The book provides an exhaustive overview of the theoretical issues and existing research related to personality, emphasizing the two traits under investigation, openness, and ambiguity tolerance, which are the focus of the empirical study reported later in the book. The empirical investigation explored relationships between openness to experience and ambiguity tolerance, as well as their impact on attainment in learning English as a foreign language. Moreover, it also aimed to shed light on the link between these traits and students¿ assessments (i.e., self-assessment and school grades). The findings of the study provide a basis for proposing specific profiles of foreign language learners with different levels of openness and ambiguity tolerance.

From the minute you wake up until the time you fall asleep, you use language. This book will show you how language functions, and how to make it work better for you. Norbert Schmitt, an internationally known language specialist, explains 100 ways that you can use language more effectively in your everyday life. The book covers a wide range of real-world language topics, including the following and much more: ¿ The differences between men's and women's language¿ How to use language more effectively in your business and personal life¿ Understanding how politicians and the news spin language¿ How your children's language should develop, and what to do if there are problems¿ Helping your children learn how to read¿ How language can go wrong after a stroke, or as we grow older Schmitt covers each language topic in a clear and easy-to-understand manner which assumes no previous knowledge. Each topic is introduced by a question you might be wondering about (What kinds of language tricks do salespeople use to get me to buy things?). The reader-friendly answers are given in short but informative descriptions, with a quick summary at the end. Many sections have brief quizzes or tasks to check how much you know about language and how well you are using it. Each topic also has suggestions for interesting Internet websites to check for more information. Language is fascinating, and this book shows you some of its details that only experts had access to before.

This book provides an analysis of acoustic features of polysemous strings and an implementation of a speech disambiguation program based on the phonetic information. Throughout the book, the term ¿polysemous string¿ refers to idioms with plausible literal interpretations, restrictive and non¿restrictive relative clauses, and the same expressions used as quotations and appearing in a non¿quotational context. The author explains how, typically, context is sufficient to determine the intended meaning. But there is enough evidence in psycholinguistic and phonetic literature to suspect that these superficially identical strings exhibit different acoustic features. In the experiment presented in the book, the participants were asked to read short excerpts containing corresponding elements of polysemous strings placed in the same intonational position. The acoustic analyses of ditropic pairs and subsequent statistical tests revealed that there is almost no difference in the duration, pitch, or intensity in literal and figurative interpretations. However, the analysis of relative clauses and quotations demonstrated that speakers are more likely to use acoustic cues to differentiate between the two possible readings. The book argues that the acoustic analysis of polysemous phrases could be successfully implemented in designing automatic speech recognition systems in order to improve their performance in disambiguating polysemous phrases.Analyzes acoustic features of polysemous strings and an implementation of a speech disambiguation programIncludes evidence that superficially identical strings exhibit different acoustic featuresArgues that acoustic analysis of polysemous phrases can be successfully implemented in automatic speech recognition

The Journal of Language Relationship is an international periodical publication devoted to the issues of comparative linguistics and the history of the human language. The Journal contains articles written in English and Russian, as well as scientific reviews, discussions and reports from international linguistic conferences and seminars.

With simplified language and terminology, this coursebook assists Bible translators with limited linguistics training to recognize differences in natural structures of the target and source languages for both narrative and behavioral genres. Concepts are carefully introduced with illustrative examples from both the Old and New Testaments followed by questions, exercises, and applications that effectively engage translation teams and individual translators to improve their draft translations and provide reasons for their decisions. These exercises and assignments promote careful scholarship by empowering translators to confidently present biblical truth in natural and accurate ways in the target language. As relevant, sections are addressed specifically to speakers of verb-initial, verb-medial, and verb-final languages. Further topics includeconnectors and constituent order in the source and target languages;the reporting of speech and the preferred positions for speech orienters;motivations for referring to participants and concepts in different ways;the most appropriate ways of exhorting different groups of people;rhetorical questions, conditional clauses, and relative clauses; andculturally appropriate ways of translating biblical poetry.Advanced concepts such as background versus foreground and the topic-focus distinction are presented in easy-to-follow, understandable terminology. In addition to translators, this coursebook will be of great interest to academics, training institutions, and field workers. Even experienced discourse instructors will learn new insights and new ways of teaching these concepts. Consultants and advisors assisting translation teams may want to use this coursebook in leading workshops or to integrate instruction in ongoing translation sessions. A variety of users will find it easy to read, deeply informative, and profoundly practical for translation.This book is printed in full color to enhance the illustrations: "We used markers of one color for the poetic text and markers of other colors for different parts of the analysis."

This book provides readers with a brief account of the history of Language Identification (LI) research and a survey of the features and methods most used in LI literature. LI is the problem of determining the language in which a document is written and is a crucial part of many text processing pipelines. The authors use a unified notation to clarify the relationships between common LI methods. The book introduces LI performance evaluation methods and takes a detailed look at LI-related shared tasks. The authors identify open issues and discuss the applications of LI and related tasks and proposes future directions for research in LI.

Große Werke werden immer kommentiert herausgegeben. Und so soll es auch hier sein: Jeder Iphorismus erhält eine oder mehrere kritische Anmerkungen. Dabei ließ ich mir von drei international berühmten Literaturwissenschaftlern helfen.

Grammatik i kontekst viser, hvordan læreren kan bruge grammatik som en vej ind i tekster, når eleverne skalfortolke fiktive teksteranalysere brugsteksterudvikle strategier til at forstå fagtekster, og til at få overblik over centrale begreber i emneforløbog i samtaler med elever om at udvikle sproget i deres teksterDer er eksempler på elevtekster og tekster til de yngste, de mellemste og de ældste elever. For hver tekst er der analyse af en række sproglige træk, som læreren kan benytte i undervisningen i teksterne, og som samtidig bliver en funktionel del af undervisningen i grammatik.I bogen finder du også et kapitel med en samling af citater fra medier med pudsige og typiske fejl, som kan bruges i undervisning i at analysere fejl – og undgå fejl. Bogens sidste kapitel giver et bud på en progression i grammatikundervisningen.Grammatik i kontekst kan læses for sig eller i sammenhæng med Grammatik i funktion (2021), der gennemgår én ordklasse ad gangen og udvalgte syntaktiske træk knyttet til en lang række korte teksteksempler.