Specifikke sektorers økonomi

»Law and Economics in all his facets«: The Festschrift pays tribute to Klaus Mathis' invaluable contribution at the interface of law and economics and constitutes a coherent reference work for the economic analysis of law. Fundamental thoughts on efficiency, justice and interdisciplinarity are followed by contributions in five areas of application of a law and economics perspective: corporate responsibility, environment, digitalization, economic and social policy, and consumer and insurance protection

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and economic growth are fundamental concepts in the field of economics, providing vital insights into the economic health and prosperity of a nation. These concepts are intertwined and serve as key indicators for assessing a country's economic performance and the well-being of its citizens.GDP, at its core, is a quantitative measure of the total market value of all goods and services produced within a nation's borders over a specified period, typically a year or a quarter. It encompasses a wide spectrum of economic activities, ranging from manufacturing and agriculture to services such as healthcare, education, and entertainment. Essentially, GDP quantifies the size and vibrancy of an economy, offering a snapshot of its economic output.Economic growth, on the other hand, signifies the expansion of an economy's production capacity and overall wealth over time. It is often expressed as a percentage increase in GDP over a specific period, such as an annual or quarterly basis. Economic growth is a critical objective for nations because it represents progress, increased opportunities, and an improved standard of living for citizens.The relationship between GDP and economic growth is intrinsic. A consistent increase in GDP over time indicates economic growth, which can stem from various factors, including higher investments, technological advancements, population growth, and increased productivity. Conversely, a stagnant or declining GDP can signal economic stagnation or even recession, which can have adverse effects on living standards and economic stability.Economic growth is of paramount importance for several reasons. Firstly, it leads to higher incomes and greater prosperity for individuals and families, contributing to an improved quality of life and a reduction in poverty rates. Secondly, it generates additional tax revenues for governments, enabling them to invest in critical areas such as infrastructure, education, healthcare, and social welfare programs. Moreover, economic growth enhances a nation's global competitiveness, attracts foreign investments, and creates a conducive environment for businesses to thrive, leading to job creation and economic stability.In conclusion, GDP and economic growth are foundational concepts in economics that offer essential insights into a nation's economic performance and the well-being of its population. These concepts are inextricably linked, with GDP acting as a primary measure of economic activity and economic growth representing the desired outcome that fosters improved living standards and opportunities for all. Understanding and monitoring these concepts are crucial for policymakers, economists, and citizens alike, as they influence the trajectory of nations and significantly impact the quality of life for their inhabitants.

This book focuses on the emergence of COVID-19 and climate change as twin mega risks to cities of both developed and developing countries. The work analyses how the pandemic has transformed city functions, promoted remote working, and affected socializing, education and learning patterns, recreation, as well as shopping and entertainment. It discusses the lessons learned from these two Mega Risks, the evolution of urban patterns and functions in their wake, and provides visionary thinking for the improvement of cities from the experiences gained. The COVID-19 Pandemic and climate change are both posing serious threats to cities' future. Together, they demand changes in the ways cities' function and operate. The work presents a case for a better understanding of the twin mega risks, the magnitude of their impacts, the responses of cities in combating these issues, and planning strategies for preparing, mitigating and adapting to these and future risks. The book is designed to provide reliable resource materials for a wide audience such as planners, professional practitioners, scientists, students, teachers and researchers working in various fields including geography, environmental sciences, social sciences, policy and planning.

The past decade has brought to the fore the critical need to constantly envision and consider various scenarios where ongoing trends and sudden changes could together alter the provision of healthcare and the direction of medical research. This book brings together scholars whose areas of expertise represent different themes that are essential to understanding how healthcare might change and evolve over the next decade. What lessons can one take away from current and past developments? The themes explored by the book rest on four pillars. The first is the rapid pace and ubiquity of technological advances in areas such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, additive manufacturing and wearable electronics. The second pillar concerns healthy aging, longevity and the management of chronic diseases. The third is the imperative to remain cognizant of the ethical dimensions of medical decisions, adapting bioethics to ongoing changes in healthcare provision. Finally, the fourth pillar relates to how uncertainty in different domains of medical knowledge can be mitigated and translated into clinical practice. For example, how should uncertainty with the results of clinical trials for a new treatment be dealt with? What cost-benefit analyses would be most appropriate for the situation? Chapter authors identify respective challenges and promising opportunities, discussing how these could contribute to envisioning the future scope of healthcare when it comes to providing medical, economic and ethical values to human societies.Chapters 1, 4, 12, and 20 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

*A Times, Financial Times, Observer and Nature Book of the Year*'Spectacular ... this work is planetary in scale' Independent'It offers real, rich hope' Observer, Books of the YearWe still have time to change the world. From the world's leading climate activist, this is the essential book for making it happen.Created by Greta Thunberg in partnership with over 100 climate experts working around the globe, with her commentaries throughout and updates for this new paperback edition to reflect the latest research, The Climate Book equips us with knowledge, and gives us hope. Together, it shows, we can do the seemingly impossible. But it has to be us, and it has to be now.

Alle relevanten Informationen für die erfolgreich optimierte Abrechnung im Praxisalltag: korrekt, verlässlich, vollständig.In der aktuellen Auflage erweitert und ergänzt: Kommentierung der einzelnen Leistungen zu Abrechenbarkeit, Steigerungssätzen, möglichen Ausschlüssen, aktuellen Gerichtsurteilen. Praktische Abrechnungstipps und -beispiele mit analogen Bewertungen gemäß GOÄ §6 (2), Auslegungshinweisen und Beschlüssen, u.a. von BÄK und dem Zentralen Konsultationsausschuss für Gebührenordnungsfragen, Berufsverbänden, PVS.Besondere Berücksichtigung von Umsatzsteuerpflicht für Ärztinnen und Ärzte, Abrechnung gegenüber der Beihilfe.Plus: Anwendung und Auslegung der GOÄ-Paragraphen im Krankenhausbereich mit Gerichtsurteilen; Abrechnung von Spezialbereichen, u.a. Schmerztherapie, Schlafmedizin; ärztliche Leichenschau mit Dokumentation und ICD-Kodierungen; Hinweise und Leistungsübersicht zur Abrechnung nach GOÄ für Zahnärztinnen und Zahnärzte.Hinweise und Links zu ambulanter spezialfachärztlicher Versorgung im GKV-Bereich; Kommentierung praxisrelevanter Analognummern der PKV zur GOÄ - inkl. aktueller unzulässiger Analogabrechnungen.IGeL-Abrechnung, Alternative Medizin mit zahlreichen Tipps, Abrechnungsbeispielen und Hinweisen zur verlässlichen Abrechnung von Selbstzahlerleistungen.

This book uses economic and policy approaches to highlight sustainability, environmental, and social aspects of the circular economy. It emphasizes the circular economy within the market¿s perspective, including the links between consumption and sustainability, and how balances between profitability and environmental sustainability can be attained. The author also uses a life cycle assessment approach to improve and evaluate circular economy strategies to help determine the environmental, social, and economic consequences of a product. The chapters illustrate circular business models and sustainability consumption behaviour in the public sector, while also measuring eco-efficiency and sustainability impacts. The book will useful for students and researchers in environmental and sustainability economics, as well as businesses and government organizations adapting policies to develop environmentally sustainable economic practices.

From Crops and Wastes to Bioenergy: Current Status and Challenges is a comprehensive volume on all aspects of biomass utilization for bioenergy, from the fundamentals to the latest commercial and regulatory issues. The book examines all aspects of biomass utilization, from technologies and processes to products. Sections examine the role of biomass in the energy transition, land availability for bioenergy projects, biomass logistics and supply chain, and assesses the lifecycle of bioenergy systems. Chapters are dedicated to each energy conversion route, including thermochemical, biochemical, and chemical, biofuels synthesis, hydrogen from biomass, biorefineries, electricity generation, and waste-to energy. Policy and regulatory issues are also considered. Each chapter reviews the state-of-the-art, discusses disruptive technological approaches, and concludes with specific recommendations on how to achieve commercial competitiveness. Case studies provide examples of real-world applications in each chapter.

Air Conditioning with Natural Energy: Applications, Case Studies, and Energy Savings Potential is a comprehensive examination of the principles, theory, applications, and energy saving performance of newly developed technologies for air conditioning using natural energy. Based on the latest research and real-world case studies from North America, Europe, and China, the book provides an engineering perspective on the design and application of air conditioning from multiple climates. Each case study presented analyzes the carbon emission reduction potential, energy saving potential, and the operational performance of the technologies. Specific chapters examine the range of air conditioning technologies that use natural energy. This includes enhanced treatment technologies for outdoor air such as earth-to-air heat exchanger, fresh air pre-handling system using shallow geothermal energy, as well as newly developed technologies such as pipe-embedded wall, nocturnal cooling wall, and pipe-embedded window systems. With particular focus on applications in China, Part II provides real world case studies from multiple climatic zones, demonstrating the practical application and implementation of these technologies.

This book examines the role of the evaluation models in decision-making processes for the construction of circular cities in the digital revolution. In particular, the book explores the need for a rethinking of development models proposed by the circular economy which requires the valorization of natural, social and economic capital. Urban environment represents a crucial field of analysis in which applying the circular-economy principles in order to steer a course towards a sustainable economy characterized by processes meant to create value instead of extracting it, which put a step forward in the pathway towards a better future in terms of economic, environmental and social effects and desirable outcomes. In this context, the design of urban regeneration processes and housing environments requires the adoption of inclusive analysis/assessment models combined with the structuring and organization of public/private investments that can contribute to creating positive natural and social impacts as well as economic and financial returns. This fundamental paradigm shift is accentuated in the current context, in which the digital revolution is reinventing the future and calls for a rethinking and reformulation of value systems in the era of technological process innovations, while respecting economic, natural and social ecosystems.

Unterrichtsplanungskompetenz gilt als Kernkompetenz angehender Lehrkräfte. In diesem Buch wird das Modell der professionellen Handlungskompetenz auf Grundlage von Elementen wirtschaftsdidaktischen Professionswissens konzeptualisiert. Dabei wird die Reflexion als grundlegender Bestandteil im Professionalisierungsprozess betrachtet.Es wird aufgezeigt, dass der Einsatz fachdidaktischer Prompts bei der Planung von wirtschaftsdidaktischem Unterricht eine Veränderung im Planungsvorgehen erzielt und mit einer Entwicklung der Reflexions- und Unterrichtsplanungskompetenz einhergeht. Das didaktische Potential von E-Portfolioarbeit wird dabei lernwirksam durch iterative und elaboriertere Unterrichtsplanung nutzbar.

In his book Money Shackles, Dutch Mendenhall exposes the harsh reality of financial vulnerability that Americans face today. By examining the societal pressures that can lead to debt you will gain powerful insights that will help you move toward financial freedom, regardless of your current financial standing. You will explore how to control your financial future by understanding your money personality, the concept of diversification, and specific alternative investing methods like Fractional Ownership. The book empowers you by providing actionable strategies for alternative investments and other proven tactics for attaining financial freedom.

Despite frequent protests and abounding discussions about the subject, climate action measures to counter human-made climate change have so far remained largely ineffective. By identifying profound climate-cultural differences, Sarah Kessler offers an explanation to this issue and shows that conventional assumptions of an implicit consensus on the need to prioritise climate action should be reconsidered. She uncovers climate-cultural variations in (implicit and explicit) denial of climate change and thus challenges existing approaches that treat the German public as a unified entity waiting to be activated by the right kind of rationally convincing information.

"How the subtle but significant consequences of a hotter planet have already begun-from lower test scores to higher crime rates-and how we might tackle them todayIt's hard not to feel anxious about the problem of climate change, especially if we think of it as an impending planetary catastrophe. In Slow Burn, R. Jisung Park encourages us to view climate change through a different lens: one that focuses less on the possibility of mass climate extinction in a theoretical future, and more on the everyday implications of climate change here and now.Drawing on a wealth of new data and cutting-edge economics, Park shows how climate change headlines often miss some of the most important costs. When wildfires blaze, what happens to people downwind of the smoke? When natural disasters destroy buildings and bridges, what happens to educational outcomes? Park explains how climate change operates as the silent accumulation of a thousand tiny conflagrations: imperceptibly elevated health risks spread across billions of people; pennies off the dollar of productivity; fewer opportunities for upward mobility.By investigating how the physical phenomenon of climate change interacts with social and economic institutions, Park illustrates how climate change already affects everyone, and may act as an amplifier of inequality. Wealthier households and corporations may adapt quickly, but, without targeted interventions, less advantaged communities may not.Viewing climate change as a slow and unequal burn comes with an important silver lining. It puts dollars and cents behind the case for aggressive emissions cuts and helps identify concrete steps that can be taken to better manage its adverse effects. We can begin to overcome our climate anxiety, Park shows us, when we begin to tackle these problems locally"--

This book contains a set of papers which explore the subject matter of human and planetary health at various anglesThe year 2015 was a special year in the field of human and planetary health. In that year, the report, produced by the Rockefeller Foundation and the journal The Lancet, called "e;Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission  on planetary health"e; was launched. Also in 2015, the World Health Organization and the Secretariat of the Convention on  Biological Diversity published the report "e;Connecting global priorities: biodiversity and human health:  a state of knowledge review"e; with over 100 contributors, meant to guide future joint actions. Both documents comprehensively address the need for a better understanding of the connections between human health and ecosystems and the risks associated with damages to the integrity of the planet. The period in which humanity finds itself right now, the Anthropocene, is a risk one since mankind is putting the planet under considerable pressure. These elements have led to the emergence of a new field of research, namely planetary health. Planetary health seeks to address a very concrete and urgent contemporary problem, namely the need to understand, quantify, and act in order  to reverse the effects of human population growth and the acceleration of socioeconomic activities  on the environment and, inter alia, the disturbances in the Earth's natural ecosystems and how these, in turn, impact human health and well-being. Anthropic disturbances in natural ecosystems are characterized by changes in climate, land use, changes in the nitrogen and phosphorus cycle, chemical pollution of soil, water and air, reduction in the availability of drinking water, loss of biodiversity, destruction of the ozone layer, and ocean acidification, among others. In all these areas, there is a perceived need to document and promote examples of initiatives and good practice, which may change current trends. This book addresses this need. It documents experiences, case studies, and projects which explore the connections between human and planetary health and illustrates examples which show the consequences of ecosystemic disturbances to the health and well-being of humanity, with the emergence of new diseases, worsening of infectious diseases and increase in chronic non-communicable diseases related to the deterioration of the current food system, hyper-urbanization, microbial resistance, climate-led migration and zoonoses, among others.  Planetary health is a new effort to deal with the question of sustainability and human life on the planet under an increasingly integrative, transdisciplinary, and global perspective, since the problems of this planetary crisis cross geopolitical borders and academic boundaries and affect humanity as a whole. This book provides a contribution to this emerging field. Thanks to its design and the contributions by experts from various areas, it provides a welcome contribution to the literature on planetary health, and it inspires further works in this field.

"Being Immunized and Economic Status in Society"Unlock the Power of Immunization and Its Impact on Economic Well-beingDive into the fascinating world of immunization and discover its pivotal role in bolstering individuals' immune systems against infectious agents. "Being Immunized and Economic Status in Society" takes you on a profound journey through the science, history, and impact of immunization, shedding light on how it influences not only health but also economic prosperity.Preface: The Essence of ImmunizationIn the preface of "Being Immunized and Economic Status in Society," we embark on a journey to understand the essence of immunization and its profound implications. Here are key insights that set the stage for this enlightening exploration:Strengthening Immune DefensesImmunization, commonly known as vaccination, enhances an individual's immune system to combat infectious agents, also known as immunogens.This process empowers the immune system to recognize and respond rapidly to foreign molecules, termed "non-self" or "foreign molecules."The Adaptive Immune SystemThe adaptive immune system plays a vital role in developing immunological memory, enabling efficient responses upon encountering foreign materials.Active immunization involves exposing humans and animals to immunogens to facilitate the natural production of essential immune components.The Triad of Immune ComponentsImmunization enriches the immune system by increasing T cells, B cells, and antibodies produced by B cells-considered the cornerstone of immune defense.Memory B cells and memory T cells play a pivotal role in swift immune responses to subsequent encounters with foreign materials.Passive vs. Active ImmunizationWhile active immunization relies on the body's natural production of immune components, passive immunization introduces these components externally.Immunization occurs through various means, both natural and medical, with vaccinations being a prominent example.Natural Immunity and VaccinationNatural immunity arises when immune systems successfully combat previous infections, offering partial or temporary protection against specific diseases.Vaccination stands as a critical healthcare strategy to artificially induce immunity, with the primary goal of disease prevention.The Power of VaccinationVaccination serves as a formidable means of disease prevention, achieving results through infection prevention, mitigation of disease severity, or both.Its pivotal role in disease prevention has led to the near eradication of several diseases worldwide, exemplified by the triumph over polio in the United States.Global Impact and Continued RelevanceImmunization remains crucial for individuals of all ages, safeguarding against a multitude of diseases actively circulating in society.By preserving health and contributing to the development of immune systems, immunization plays a vital role in fostering economic well-being."Being Immunized and Economic Status in Society" delves deep into the world of immunization, unraveling its intricate web of science, history, and societal impact. Explore how immunization not only safeguards health but also contributes to economic prosperity, making it an essential component of modern society. Dive into this enlightening journey, where the value of immunization is celebrated, and its far-reaching implications on economic well-being are unveiled.