Økonomi

This book examines the intellectual ideas that underpin our understanding of capitalism. Framing these debates through the work on John Stuart Mill and Joseph Schumpeter, the development of democracy and its relationship with capitalism is explored to provide insight into the rationality of individuals and the distribution of power. By analysing the evolution of economic systems, ideas relating to democracy, capitalism, liberalism, competition, and elites are also defined.This book aims to inform current economic and political debates and to highlight new forms of democracy and capitalism. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in the political economy and the history of economic thought.

Although Portugal was one of the first European states with stable borders, the process of the making of a Portuguese fiscal state still remains to be studied in detail. This volume brings together studies on the development of the Portuguese fiscal state within a comparative perspective in relation to other kingdoms across Europe, such as Castile and Aragon, England, Tuscany, the Papal States, Holland and France, in order to bring Portugal into the broader and comparative international debate about the development of the fiscal state.As a very distinctive case, Portugal remains understudied and underrepresented in the broader literature on the development of fiscal states. There are relatively few studies on the building of a fiscal state in Portugal that are accessible to an international audience. This book will make a fundamental contribution to this field, which is still full of untapped potential. It will combine the latest theory and comparative context with a detailed reconstruction of Portuguese state finance, taking a longer chronological frame that follows its development from the medieval through to the early modern period. It will also make the latest research from Portuguese scholars available to a wider, international audience, and will be of particular interest to researchers and students of financial and economic history. ¿

The University of Chicago has been and continues to be one of the most important global centres for economics. With six chapters on themes in Chicago economics and 33 chapters on the lives and work of Chicago economists, this volume shows how economics became established at the University, how it produced some of the world¿s best-known economists, including Frank Knight, Milton Friedman and Robert Lucas, and how it remains a global force for the very best in teaching and research in economics. With original contributions from a stellar cast, this volume provides economists ¿ especially those interested in macroeconomics and the history of economic thought ¿ with an in-depth analysis of Chicago economics.

This Green Book provides the design engineer with an understanding of the electrical parameters and methods required in designing compact AC and DC lines. Compact AC and DC lines are becoming increasingly necessary due to the limitation of right of way access and the need to upgrade power transfer in existing, narrower line corridors. Another requirement for compact AC lines is the lower impedance permitting increased power flow.For DC power lines, increased power flow can only be realised by increasing the current through the conductors and/or increasing line voltage. In AC it can also be achieved by bundle expansion and phase compaction due to the variation of impedance. The effect of compaction on AC and DC lines is not identical as with the constraints. The Green Book covers the theory relating to the constraints such as corona, audible noise, insulation coordination, electric and magnetic fields and others for both AC and DC lines.In addition to the theory, the Green Book includes actual calculations of electric parameters for different pole (DC) and phase (AC) configurations. Standards applied by various countries are tabulated for easy comparison of practices internationally. Case studies on line compaction designs for both AC and DC are described with relation to pole compaction, pole rearrangement and phase configuration. Voltage upgrading is also treated in this book, and some case studies for both AC and DC are considered.

The growing number of states with weak capacity to carry out basic governance functions is leading to unacceptable levels of human suffering. Using Ethiopia as a case study, this book acknowledges the multidimensional nature of state fragility and highlights the non-political factors that drive it.The first part uses institutional theory to explore how weak institutions become a source of state fragility by undermining social cohesion and the broader economic progress of countries. Part two examines the role of entrepreneurship and industrial policy as a means of creating and sustaining economic and political stability, trade policy as a means of increasing incomes and easing tensions, and technology policy as a means of engaging people in entrepreneurship and innovation. The final chapter provides lessons that fragile nations can learn from successful developing countries in Southeast Asia and Latin America.This book will appeal to researchers interested in international business, economic and business policy, international trade, and emerging markets who seek to understand how fragile states can promote sustainable peace and development.

Did you know that Bach invested in mines? That Rossini improved his income by running casinos in the opera houses which on weekends performed his operas? Or that Puccini composed shorter arias to make them fit the length of gramophone disks as they reported him huge revenues? Or who was, in financial terms, the most successful classical composer in history? This book ¿the first of its kind¿ studies and compares the finances of twenty classical composers in their historical and economical context. Each chapter details and quantifies the sources of income of these musicians (wages, royalties, subsidies, percentages over the number of performances, arrangements, investments in the musical sector, etc), thus allowing to estimate the income they obtained due to their artistic ¿ primarily compositional, but also related¿ activities. In addition, it also estimates the composer¿s expenditures, thus drawing a relatively complete image of their personal finances. This not only allows to concludeto create a ranking of composers according to their economic success, but ¿more importantly¿ for the first time gives an accurate image of the financial situation of a broad set of composers. This allows to correct many false believes while also giving new insights on the relation between economics and music history.

This publication shares lessons from performance-based road maintenance contracts implemented in Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China, and Tajikistan. It outlines the contract scope, performance standards, inspections, response and reaction times, payments and deductions, and procurement and contract costs. The publication highlights learning from the different experiences and provides recommendations for future performance-based road maintenance contracts in these and other countries.

Corona virus is a pandemic that started in 2019 in huwan city in china. It further spread to other countries of the world including Malawi, it is a virus that affects the respiratory system of those people with it, its symptoms are difficult in breathing, dry cough, fever just to mention a few one of them being death of a lot of productive people who could have helped in the development of different countries in the world. Since the day it was discovered a lot of people were found positive and the number of those people were increasing rapidly each day. Corona virus abbreviated as Covid -19 has affected the world in different ways. Our main focus will be on how Covid-1Dr.R.Vettriselvan, Associate Professor, AMET Business School, Academy of Maritime Education and Training, Chennai specialized in Human Resource Management and Marketing. 9 has affected the tourism sector of Malawi. The tourism sector of Malawi is one of the sectors that helps in the boasting of the Malawian economy since its where a lot of funds are corrected in form of tax from different tourist attraction areas across the country. Malawian government manly rely on the money generated from the tourism sector.

Introduktion til Makroøkonomi er en indføring i de grundlæggende teorier til forståelse af drivkræfterne bag den samfundsøkonomiske udvikling.Det gennemgående tema i bogen er betydningen af makroøkonomiskpolitik til opnåelse af høj beskæftigelse, ligevægt på betalingsbalancen og prisstabilitet. I bogen forklares sammenhængen mellem produktion, efterspørgsel og beskæftigelse i et makroøkonomisk perspektiv.Desuden illustreres betydningen af internationalt økonomisksamarbejde, den europæiske monetære union og gældskrise samt udnyttelsen af det finanspolitiske potentiale uden Covid19-epidemien.I denne 4. udgave er tabeller og figurer opdateret, og der er tilføjet et afsnit om finansiel ustabilitet.Jesper Jespersen er cand.polit., ph.d. fra Det Europæiske Universiteti Firenze, professor(em) i samfundsøkonomi på Roskilde Universitet og dr.scient.adm. med disputatsen Makroøkonomisk Metodologi i 2007.Jesper Jespersen har udgivet adskillige bøger og videnskabelige artikler om samfundsøkonomiske emner.

What is Economic ProductionThe process of production involves bringing together a number of different inputs, which can be either material or immaterial, in order to create output. In a perfect world, this output will be some kind of valuable good or service that contributes in some way to the overall utility of individual people. The theory of economics that is concerned with production is referred to as production theory, and it is closely connected to the theory of economics that is concerned with consumption.How you will benefit(I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:Chapter 1: Production (economics)Chapter 2: Growth accountingChapter 3: MicroeconomicsChapter 4: Capital intensityChapter 5: Production functionChapter 6: ProductivityChapter 7: Output in economicsChapter 8: Capital accumulationChapter 9: Total factor productivityChapter 10: Surplus productChapter 11: Prices of productionChapter 12: Net outputChapter 13: Productivity modelChapter 14: Measurement in economicsChapter 15: Factor marketChapter 16: Technological theory of social productionChapter 17: Fei-Ranis model of economic growthChapter 18: Cambridge capital controversyChapter 19: Socially necessary labour timeChapter 20: Surplus valueChapter 21: Macroeconomics(II) Answering the public top questions about economic production.(III) Real world examples for the usage of economic production in many fields.Who this book is forProfessionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of economic production.

Unlock the secrets to true prosperity and financial triumph with "Money Magnet: Proven Techniques for Building Wealth and Success." This comprehensive guide is your roadmap to not just accumulating wealth, but transforming your life into a magnetic force for success.In this illuminating book, discover a wealth of proven techniques and strategies curated to empower you on your journey to financial abundance. Written by seasoned experts in finance, entrepreneurship, and personal development, "Money Magnet" goes beyond traditional wealth-building advice. It delves into the essential principles that shape lasting success, offering actionable insights that transcend monetary gains.Key Features:Holistic Wealth Building: Explore a holistic approach to wealth that encompasses financial, emotional, and relational well-being. "Money Magnet" guides you to build a foundation of success that goes beyond monetary achievements.Proven Strategies: Benefit from time-tested techniques that successful individuals employ to build and preserve their wealth. From investment strategies to philanthropic initiatives, each chapter is a treasure trove of practical wisdom.Entrepreneurial Insights: Learn the entrepreneurial mindset that propels individuals toward financial independence. Whether you're an aspiring business owner or an established entrepreneur, discover key insights to navigate the challenges and opportunities of entrepreneurship.Mindset Mastery: Uncover the power of mindset in shaping your financial destiny. "Money Magnet" explores the psychological aspects of wealth creation, helping you cultivate a mindset that attracts success and abundance.Philanthropy and Giving Back: Understand the transformative impact of philanthropy on true wealth. Explore how giving back can not only contribute to the betterment of society but also enhance your own journey to becoming a true money magnet.Navigating Challenges with Grace: Discover the art of navigating setbacks with grace and resilience. This book provides practical strategies to overcome financial obstacles, fostering a mindset that turns challenges into stepping stones toward lasting success.Legacy Building: Delve into the importance of leaving a legacy beyond monetary gains. "Money Magnet" explores how success, grace, and gratitude intertwine to create a lasting impact on individuals, communities, and future generations."Money Magnet: Proven Techniques for Building Wealth and Success" is more than a financial guide; it's a transformative companion on your journey to becoming a true money magnet. Whether you're a seasoned investor, a budding entrepreneur, or someone seeking a holistic approach to success, this book offers a wealth of insights to propel you toward enduring prosperity.Embark on a journey of self-discovery, financial mastery, and genuine success. Let "Money Magnet" be your guide to unlocking the secrets of true wealth and building a life that radiates success in every aspect.

This edited collection develops a more balanced understanding of the dilemmas, challenges and opportunities associated with youth policy formulation and implementation in contemporary Saudi Arabia. It does so by considering the dilemmas, challenges and opportunities present in the contemporary Saudi sociopolitical, socioeconomic, and sociocultural spheres, as well as ways and means by which these can be addressed. Underpinning this is a comprehension of the necessity in understanding policies and processes as related to youth policy formulation and implementation. With regards to Saudi youth policy, decision makers want to be able to prioritize the most important issues. As such, policy and decision makers need ¿direction¿ in terms of policy formulation, policy recommendations and policy implementation - that is, they are often searching for viable policies that resonate with young Saudis. Furthermore, lessons can be learnt from previous youth policy initiatives by asking: Why was thispolicy successful? If this policy failed, what were the reasons? Did this policy resonate with young nationals? This edited book unpacks the ways in which comprehending policies and processes are important for youth policy development and implementation in Saudi Arabia. It is relevant to policymakers, as well as scholars in Gulf Studies, and Middle Eastern Studies more broadly, as well as those in youth studies, area studies, and social studies.

This book reconstructs the theoretical framework of economics by examining the concept of trading, the trading network, and the evolution of a trading system, tied together by the notion of ¿bounded rationality.¿ Trading economics uproots the theoretical paradigm of mainstream economics and enables timeworn economic thinking to deal with the various complex phenomena of the modern economy.Mainstream economic theories see growth as the combined result of family and enterprise activities. Based on this understanding, established economic policies all focus on how to effectively influence the behavior of trading agents. Trading economics, by contrast, believes economic growth is the product of the activities of a self-organizing network of families and enterprises, rather than a simple superposition of the behaviors of trading agents. In policy design, trading economics looks to maintain the structural integrity of the trading network and the stability of the trading cycle.

This book explains the roles of the industrial location in vitalizing regional economies in various economic environments created due to the progress of globalization. Here, this book elucidates the impact of industrial location and locational factors on regional economies. It clarifies the effects on industrial location of regulations and corporate tax. And the book explains the regional economic influence of the employment and agglomeration that are factors influencing the location. It also focuses on some countries and examines the relationships between the industrial location and the vitalization of regional economy in each country. This analysis covers the automotive and high-tech industries in the northeastern region of China, the impact of urban systems on regional development in the Philippines, and firms in revitalization in the northern region of Sweden. And it reveals achievements and challenges in each region. Finally, the book clarifies that the level of achievement in regional development is related to the educational environment. It also suggests that the industrial composition of a region is influenced by the level of regional cooperation with other regions. The analyses in the book show that a region must select the industries that match its newly emerged regional characteristics for vitalization.

This book provides a systematic account of the development of agriculture and agricultural civilization in ancient China. It mainly discusses the birth of traditional agriculture, the characteristics and advantages of traditional agricultural economy, traditional agricultural knowledge and technology system, flexible land relations and ownership structure, extensive irrigation system and water conservancy projects, complete policies and measures to emphasize agriculture, the three agricultural expansion processes, the value pursuit of revering agriculture, and the plight and decline of traditional agriculture.

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Analyses data from the Bristol Port Books to rewrite the history of trade in Bristol, including the city's early involvement with the slave trade.

Proposing international trade as a path for achieving the SDGs, this curated collection envisions a more equitable and sustainable world, one where the benefits of international trade are fairly distributed, where economic crises are met with resilience and innovation and where the SDGs are not just aspirations but lived realities.

Examines Dakar's transformation from a small colonial capital to a dynamic city, highlighting how its resourceful residents challenged French control by forging adaptive economic relationships.

In this important book, Gallas asks what strikes in non-industrial sectors mean for class formation, a critical question which has been largely unaddressed by the current literature on global labour unrest. A mapping of strikes around the world and case studies from Germany, Britain and Spain cast new light on class relations, struggles around waged and unwaged work and labour movements in contemporary capitalism to bring class theory back to labour studies. This is a valuable resource for academics and students of employment relations, sociology and politics. This second volume focuses on empirical strike research.

In Uganda, conditions in reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health (RMNCAH) remain the primary drivers of morbidity and mortality, accounting for 60 percent of years of life lost. The high burden of these conditions can be attributed to a poor quality of care resulting from inadequate financial, human, and material resources compounded by weak multisectoral coordination. Moreover, the country's high population growth rate and a young population imply that RMNCAH service delivery will continue to dominate health sector reforms--even with the increasing prevalence of noncommunicable and infectious diseases. Over the past two decades, Uganda has focused on improving the quality of RMNCAH service delivery, leading to declines in the maternal, infant, and under-five mortality ratios and the increased use of modern contraception among married women. However, the neonatal mortality and teenage pregnancy rates have stagnated, and the low civil registration of births and deaths remains challenging. Investing in Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health in Uganda: What Have We Learned, and Where Do We Go from Here? comprises 12 studies conducted as part of the RMNCAH Operational Research Program drafted between 2019 and 2021 and finalized and disseminated in October 2022 across 45 districts of Uganda with funding from Sweden and the World Bank. These studies underscore important lessons learned and offer suggestions for enhancing the delivery of RMNCAH interventions. Each chapter represents one study and discusses service delivery, the health workforce, financing, health information systems, and governance and leadership. Two appendixes summarize key findings and recommendations and explain the roles of key stakeholders in the RMNCAH Operational Research Program.

"Get up-to-speed with the fundamentals of how electricity markets are structured and operated with this comprehensive textbook, requiring no prior experience in power systems or energy economics. An ideal introduction for senior undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, economics, and operations research"--

Renewable Energy Finance: Theory and Practice, Second Edition integrates the special characteristics of renewable energy with key elements of project finance. Through a mixture of fundamental analysis and real-life examples, readers learn how renewable energy project finance deals mix finance, public policy, legal, engineering and environmental issues. This book investigates the economics of large-scale green power production and incentive mechanisms and how they fit into the global energy industries. It also examines how distributed energy resources such as residential solar and batteries can be financed at the scale needed to play a significant role in the future energy mix. The authors examine how renewable energy projects get financed and built using modern non-recourse project finance structures. It also highlights recent innovations such as Green Bonds and Sustainability Linked Loans that have emerged in the context of ESG investments. The scope of the book is global, and it illustrates how renewable energy project finance has evolved in various places (such as the tax-equity structures used in the United States, due to the corporate tax incentives used there) to cope with local regulatory and policy environments.